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• MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY I.
• 3 rd year 2008/2009 2 nd semester
• Lecture time Friday 11-12 hour
• Venue New Clinical Building, Lecture Hall
• The relevance of Psychology to Medicine
• 06.02.
• Introduction to developmental psychology I.
  perspectives on early experience. Mother-child
  interaction.
• 13.02.
• Introduction to developmental psychology II.
  attachment, separation, hospitalization
• 20.02.
• 4. Basic element of personality. The Type and
  the Trait Theory
• 27.02.
• Developing Identity. Sex role identity. Identity
  and adolescence
• 06.03.
• The Changing family. Pregnancy and childbirth.
  Family discord and family therapy
• 13.03.

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• The Changing family. Old Age. Dying and
  Bereavement
• 20.03.
• Consultation in doctor-patient relation.
  Interview technique
• 03.04.
• Developmental theory. Cognitive development
  (Piaget). Developing identity (Erikson)
• 10.04.
• Personality and Meaning. The assessment of
  personality. Test Methods.
• 24.04.
• The psychoanalytic approach to personality.
• 25.04.
• The Humanistic approach to personality
• 08.05.
• Cognitive-behavioural approach of personality
• 15.05.

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• Literature
• Psychology and Medical Care. Gerry Kent, Mary
  Dalgleish
• Introduction to Psychology Rita L. Atkinson at
  all.
• Psychology. Andrew B. Crider at all.

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• THE RELEVANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY TO MEDICINE
• What is Psychology?
• - Psychology is defined as the systematic study
  of behaviour and mental processes.
• - Psychology is made up of a number of
  subfields, including clinical, counselling,
  health, school, industrial/organizational,
  experimental, social, developmental and
  psychometric psychology.

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• 2. Models and Methods in Psychology
• Contemporary Approaches to Psychology
• a.) psychoanalytic approach
• b.) behaviourist approach
• c.) humanistic approach
• d.) cognitive approach
• -You can study human behaviour by
• a.) observing behaviour in its natural setting
• b.) using statistical-correlational methods
• c.) creating experimental setting
• d.) using psychological tests

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Influential Philosophers
Philosophical background
Darwins Theory of evolution
Descartes Dualism
Lockes empiricism
Mind and body separate
Measurement observation
Adaptation
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Descartes (1596-1650)

• Cartesian dualism - the mind and the body
  considered to be separate
• Mind centre of thought and consciousness
• Body physical and automatic actions
• Influence on Western medical thinking
• Animal/human distinction
• Animals instinctive vs.
• Human reasoning

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Historical links
1879
Present
European psychology
Tajfel- Social identity theory
Introspectionism Wundt, Ebbighaus James
Gestalt school
Descartes dualism
Humanistic approach
American approach
Watsons Behaviourism
Classical
Cognitive revolution
Lockes empiricism
Operant conditioning
Freuds psychoanalysis
Clinical psychology
Person centred therapy
Darwins evolutionary theory
Aversion therapy behaviour modification
Piagetian cognitive development
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Psychoanalysis

• Developed by Sigmund Freud as a way to explain
  human psychological problems
• Based on a non-rational approach
• Identified the role of the unconscious mind in
  the control of human behaviour

• Developed the concept of dynamic forces of the
  id, ego and superego that control human behaviour
• Research based on Freuds case studies using a
  phenomenological approach

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Behaviour therapy

• Dollard (1939) reconceptualised psychoanalysis
  using a behaviourist perspective
• Based therapy on behaviour conditioning
• Aversion therapy involves conditioned avoidance
• Utilises principles of classical conditioning
  developed by Pavlov
• Behaviour modification techniques utilise operant
  conditioning techniques
• Aim to model more appropriate behaviours based on
  Banduras work on imitation

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Humanistic Psychology

• Carl Rogers work was based on positive personal
  growth
• It used an holistic approach
• Developed the concept of self-actualisation to
  which personal growth is directed
• Abraham Maslow worked in the area of human
  motivation
• Saw self -actualisation as the ultimate goal of
  motivation in an hierarchy of social need

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The cognitive revolution

• Established to overcome the black-box
  limitations of the Behaviourist approach
• Took psychology back to the study of the mind
• Laboratory based research using human
  participants
• Two limitations of the approach are
• the exclusive of laboratory research
• Computer metaphor ignores social factors
• Other shifts from this approach have been
  interest in
• social cognition
• cognitive neuro-psychology
• animal cognition

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Medical Psychology Medical psychology (related to
Clinical Health Psychology, Psychosomatic
medicine, and Behavioural Medicine) is a branch
of Clinical psychology in which clinicians have
trained in the biological aspects of mental
illness in relation to physical illness. It
adopts the biopsychosocial approach to medicine,
which revolves around the idea that both the body
and mind are indivisible, and that disease and
illness are not identical. Continuing with this
line of thought, all diseases whether of the mind
or of the physical body must be treated as if
they have been both affected.
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• The intent of Medical Psychology is to apply
  knowledge from all branches
• of social,
• psychological,
• and biological medicine
• in the prevention, assessment, and treatment of
  all forms of physical illness and the adaptation
  to illness
• specific behavioural, psychotherapeutic, and
  pharmaceutical methods are used to help the
  person respond to illness and prevent further
  illness through matching coping and management
  skill to persons abilities, character, and
  personality stile.

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Behavioral Medicine is an interdisciplinary field
of medicine concerned with the development and
integration of psychosocial, behavioral and
biomedical knowledge relevant to health and
illness. The term is often used interchangeably
with health psychology, however, behavioral
medicine development teams include psychiatrists,
nurses, and other medical support staff.
Clinical psychology includes the scientific
study and application of psychology for the
purpose of understanding, preventing, and
relieving psychologically-based distress or
dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being
and personal development.12 Central to its
practice are psychological assessment and
psychotherapy, although clinical psychologists
also engage in research, teaching, consultation,
forensic testimony, and program development and
administration.3 In many countries it is a
regulated mental health profession.
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Psychosomatic medicine is the medical field
studying and providing an interdisciplinary
approach to psychosomatic illness, now more
commonly referred to as psychophysiologic
illness, disorders whose symptoms are caused by
mental processes of the sufferer rather than
immediate physiological causes. These syndromes
are classified as by the World Health
Organisation in the International Statistical
Classification of Diseases and Related Health
Problems.
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Psychosomatic medicine integrates
interdisciplinary evaluation and management
involving specialties as psychiatry, psychology,
neurology surgery gynecology pain management
pediatrics dermatology and psychoneuroimmunology
. Clinical situations as depression as a major
factor affecting medical outcomes in coronary
artery disease, diabetes, neuropsychiatric
presentations of endocrine, rheumatologic, and
infectious diseases functional disorders like
irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, and
chronic fatigue syndrome psychiatric
complications of medical treatments like
chemotherapy, implanted defibrillators, and
immunosuppression psychological factors
affecting medical compliance and surgical
results and special considerations in using
psychiatric drugs in the medically ill, are all
areas where Psychosomatic medicine has
competence.1
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Health psychology concerns itself with
understanding how biology, behavior, and social
context influence health and illness.1 Health
psychologists generally work alongside other
medical professionals in clinical settings,
although many also teach and conduct research.
Although its early beginnings can be traced to
the kindred field of clinical psychology, four
different approaches to health psychology have
been defined clinical, public health, community
and critical health psychology2
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• 3. The Role of Psychology in Health and Illness
• -There are aspects of human behaviour which can
  result in serious medical problems.
• -Stress is manifested in terms of psychological
  and physiological problems.
• -Certain personality characteristics has been
  correlated with specific diseases.
• -People respond emotionally to adverse changes in
  their state of health.
• Understanding doctor-patient relations helps to
  define and solve the patients problems.
• Psychological treatment approaches can be applied
  to a variety of medical problems.

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• The relevance of psychology to medicine
• Changes in behaviour associated with such factors
  as aging, psychiatric illness and neurological
  impairment
• The role of psychological factors in the
  aetiology of medical problems
• Doctor-patient relations
• The patients response to illness and treatment
• Psychological approaches to treatment