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InterLending Conversations

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Title: InterLending Conversations


1
InterLending Conversations
  • ILDS 2003 Plenary Session 9
  • Panel on Library Communications Protocols
  • Barbara Shuh, Library and Archives Canada
  • Carrol Lunau, Library and Archives Canada
  • Judith Pearce, National Library of Australia

2
Interlending Conversations
  • Overview of the Ideal
  • Reality
  • Question and Answer Period
  • Panelists
  • Questions from the Floor

3
Library Communication Protocols
  • Provide rules for sets of messages and associated
    behaviour for use by libraries to perform
    resource-sharing activities
  • in a distributed network environment, i.e.,
  • from different manufacturers
  • under different managements
  • of different levels of complexity
  • of different technologies
  • with a minimum of technical agreement outside the
    standards

4
1.1 What is this item? Who owns it?
1.3 Who are X, Y, Z? Will they lend items to
me? Do I have to pay?
Catalogues
5. Item
1.2 Libraries X, Y Z own copies
Library A
1.3 Z is a consortial friend, Y is
Directory
2.1 Will you lend this item to me?
2.2 Sorry, its out on loan
Library Z (consortial friend)
4.2 Yes, and were shipping to you now
3.1 Will you lend this item to me?
3.3 Sorry, our copy is lost
Library X (last resort lender) ILL System
4.1 Will you lend this item to me?
3.2.1 Is this item available for loan?
Library Y ILL System
Library Y Circ System
InterLending Conversations
3.2.2 Strange, its NOS, must be lost
5
Library Communication Protocols
  • Search and Retrieval of information on
  • Bibliographic Items
  • Potential lending partners, document suppliers
  • Manage Interlibrary Loan activity
  • Exchange Circulation information
  • Deliver documents electronically
  • Accept requests

6
Protocols Machine-to-machine conversations
  • System to system, application to application
  • not person to person
  • Human users only interact with local application
  • never directly with remote system
  • Protocols invisible to the human users of the
    application
  • when applications are well designed

7
Peer-to-Peer vs. Client-server
  • Neither system is subordinate to the other
  • Systems co-operate to perform task
  • Each system maintains enough information to carry
    out its part of task
  • Client is subordinated to the Server
  • Client requests that Server perform tasks
  • Server doesnt remember anything about Client

8
Confirmed vs. Unconfirmed Services
  • Confirmed service is
  • System receiving message expected to respond
    immediately
  • Unconfirmed service is
  • No response permitted
  • Protocols state tables specify what can happen
    next

9
Z39.50
  • Search and Retrieval
  • NISO Z39.50
  • ISO 23950
  • Maintenance Agency at the Library of Congress
  • Used for
  • Verification of bibliographic data
  • Identification of locations

Z39.50 Query
Virtual Catalogue
Z39.50 Response
Library A
10
Z39.50
  • Is an international standard which
  • Is a computer-to-computer protocol for
    communication between different systems to search
    retrieve information
  • Provides an abstract model of information
    retrieval
  • Language for expressing searches (attributes)
  • Means to encode searches and results
  • Is not
  • The user interface
  • Local application functionality
  • Solution to differences in the underlying
    information retrieval systems

11
Z39.50 modelMoen, W.E., Resource Discovery using
Z39.50.
Server
Client
Query
Z server
User Interface
Search results
Conversion
Search
Conversion
Search
DB records
Database
Retrieved records
Z client
Result set
12
Zservices
  • Initialization facility establishes connection
  • Search facility sends search query to target
  • Retrieval facility retrieves results
  • Termination ends connection
  • Browse scans indexes
  • Sort orders results
  • Access control target requests ID/password
  • Explain query the target re protocol
    implementation details

13
Z39.50 Issues
  • Support different attributes
  • Vendors have selected different options or
    interpretations
  • Support different record syntaxes
  • Can be complex to implement
  • Standard does not provide clear product
    specifications for developers
  • Until recently no definition for exchange of
    holdings

14
Profiles Z39.50 Specs
  • Represents community consensus on requirements
  • Identifies Z39.50 specifications to support those
    requirements
  • Improves search and retrieval results
  • Aids in purchasing decisions
  • Provides specifications for vendors to build
    Z39.50 products

Author WE Moen
15
Current Status
  • Z39.50 widely implemented
  • Internationally
  • WebClarity 1518 targets
  • IndexData 554 targets
  • Canada 103 targets
  • Denmark 101 targets
  • UK 73 targets
  • Australia 39 targets
  • Profiles not widely implemented
  • Bath
  • NISO ZTexas
  • ONE2

16
Directories
  • ISO 2146 Directories of libraries and related
    organizations
  • Revision directed by NLA
  • IPIGs Directory Services for Interlibrary Loan

Directory
1.3 Directory Response
1.3 Directory Query
Library A
17
ISO 2146
  • Not a protocol, not a data schema, but a
    framework
  • Identifies directory objects applicable to a wide
    range of directory applications
  • High level objects include Organisation,
    Collection, Activity, Service
  • Supports description of complex service models
    including protocol information

18
IPIGs Directory Services
  • A profile of ISO 2146
  • Selects objects identified in ISO 2146 that are
    applicable to Interlibrary loan
  • Only uses relevant properties
  • Applies more specific business rules (eg makes
    more things mandatory)
  • Uses enumerated lists specific to interlibrary
    loan scenarios
  • Uses LDAP/X.500 as the directory protocol

19
X500 / LDAP
  • An international standard for distributed
    directory services
  • Binds the IPIG Information Model into a standard
    schema
  • Provides a protocol for searching and updating
    the data
  • Is not
  • The user interface
  • local application functionality

20
Why X.500 / LDAP?
  • Library systems already need to support LDAP to
    query external patron databases
  • X.500 provides full support for distributed
    directories
  • LDAP is also fine as long is there is an X.500
    node to provide referrals

21
Why not Local Directories?
  • Saves Libraries having to report updates to
    multiple sources
  • Saves rekeying by ILL staff
  • Ensures currency of data
  • Saves development effort for library system
    vendors when service models change
  • Supports international interLending conversations

22
Directory Scenarios
  • Who is this Library, will it lend to me and if
    so, how much will it cost?
  • Which libraries holding this item will lend to me
    at a price I can afford and using request methods
    that I support?
  • What level of protocol support does this library
    have and which address should I use?

23
Current Status
  • X.500 / LDAP are mature standards
  • ISO 2146 is still under development but the core
    directory objects to support interlibrary loan
    are in place - these were derived from the IPIG
    Information Model!
  • An X.500 schema based on the IPIG Profile is
    currently under test in Canada, Australia and the
    United States
  • Will need a method to synchronise local
    directories in the first instance

24
Directions for ISO 2146
  • Directory services to support
  • User authentication
  • Circulation
  • Meta searching
  • Virtual reference

25
NCIP
Library A Circulation System
  • Circulation Interchange Protocol
  • ANSI/NISO Z39.83-2002
  • Connection-oriented, sessionless
  • Talks XML

Library Z Circulation System
2.1 Request Item
2.2 Request Item Response
3.2.1 Item Lookup
Library Y ILL System
Library Y Circ System
3.2.2 Item Lookup Response
26
NCIP
  • Protocol specifies 45 services
  • Each service comprised of a pair of messages
  • Initiation message
  • Response message
  • Each service is independent of any other service
  • Protocol concerns 3 Objects and the relationship
    between and among them

27
NCIP
  • Supports
  • Direct Consortial Borrowing
  • Circulation/Interlibrary Loan Interaction
  • Self-Service Circulation
  • Enables computer-based applications to perform
    the functions necessary
  • to lend items,
  • to provide controlled access to electronic
    resources,
  • to facilitate co-operative management of
    circulation functions.

28
NCIP Objects
  • Agency Object
  • Library or other organization that lends items
    from its collection(s) or provides related
    services to one or more classes of users
  • Item Object
  • Physical or logical (electronic) entity within an
    Agencys collection that may be lent or to which
    access may be provided to a User
  • User Object
  • Person or organization that is or may become an
    authorized user of items owned by an Agency

29
NCIP Services
  • Lookup
  • Tell me something about
  • an Agency, an Item or a User
  • Update
  • Please take an action
  • Typical circulation activities, maintaining
    Object info, tracking items
  • Notification
  • I have taken an action
  • Notification of actions taken
  • One for each update

30
NCIP Implementation
  • Most applications still under development
  • Active implementors group NCIP-IG
  • http//www.lib.uchicago.edu/staffweb/groups/ncip/
  • Maintenance Agency
  • Colorado State Library

31
ILL Protocol
  • Interlibrary Loan Application
  • ISO 101601997
  • ISO 10161-11997
  • Uses either
  • Internet connections
  • E-mail
  • Talks ASN.1 BER

Library A
4.2 SHIPPED
3.1 ILL-REQUEST
3.3 ILL-ANSWER, reason unfilled lost
4.1 ILL-REQUEST
Library X (last resort lender) ILL System
Library Y ILL System
32
ILL Protocol
  • Protocol specifies 20 messaging services
  • Covers activities during life of an
    ILL-Transaction
  • Always starts with the ILL-REQUEST for an item
  • Continues with an ILL-ANSWER or SHIPPED
  • Tracks the stages of a Loan (RECEIVED, RETURNED,
    CHECKED-IN, LOST, DAMAGED, etc.)
  • Helps applications track ILL activities
  • Record the current state of each ILL transaction
  • Maintain a history of ILL activities

33
ILL Protocol
  • Peer-to-peer communications
  • Requester (borrower)
  • Responder (lender, document supplier)
  • Unconfirmed service
  • But peers can check status of transaction any
    time

34
ILL Protocol IPIG Profile
  • Limits use of some messages
  • Forwarding handled outside the protocol
  • Role of intermediary outside scope of profile
  • Provides structures for some information to
    facilitate machine parsing
  • Allows for uses of both E-mail (mandatory) and
    Internet connections (optional)

35
ILL Protocol Status of Implementation
  • Interoperability Testing
  • Market-driven conformance
  • Implementors
  • National Libraries
  • Canada, Australia, New Zealand, UK
  • Bibliographic Utilities
  • RLG (Shares), OCLC
  • Lending partners outside consortial boundaries
  • Universities other large research libraries

36
ILL Protocol Players
  • Maintenance agency
  • Library and Archives Canada
  • http//www.nlc-bnc.ca/iso/ill/
  • ILL Protocol Implementors Group (IPIG)

37
GEDI
  • Generic Electronic Document Interchange
  • ISO 179332000
  • Header elements mapped to equivalent data in ILL
    Protocol

Library A
5. Delivery of Electronic Item
Library X ILL System
38
Scope
  • Deals only with the interchange step in the
    InterLending process
  • the transfer of an electronic copy from the
    supplier to the consumer via FTP or a
    MIME-compliant email system

39
Components
  • Service Model
  • Header (mapped from ILL Request)
  • Document (TIFF, JPEG, PDF)
  • Transmission protocol (FTP/MIME)

40
Gedi Header
  • Describes the content and context of an
    electronic document
  • Transmitted with the document to tie the document
    to the originating request
  • Means the receiving system doesnt have to open
    the file to know what it is
  • Provides both a machine-readable and human
    readable record

41
Profiles
  • Too small for its own profile but included in
    profiles such as
  • One-2 OPAC Network in Europe 2

42
Current Status
  • Supported by Research Libraries Group's Ariel
    document transmission system
  • Need for such a standard in mainstream e-commerce
    systems not yet widely recognised

43
Request Submission Message
  • Message used by a client to submit a request for
    an item
  • Developed by IPIG
  • Talks XML
  • Not yet widely implemented
  • Being registered as an OpenURL

Client-initiated request for item
Library A
44
Conclusions
  • Standards now handle interlending from discovery
    to delivery
  • Technical and business knowledge combined during
    development of standards
  • Standards make it easier
  • for librarians and vendors to communicate
  • to write RFPs and detailed specs
  • to build systems that meet business needs

45
Interlending Conversations
  • Question and Answer Period
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