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Infection Control

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... of the nosocomial infection are contaminated hands, instruments, catheters ... Sterilization or surgical asepsis. Hand Hygiene ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Infection Control


1
Infection Control
  • Chapter 5

2
Microorganisms
  • Too small to be seen with the human eye
  • Pathogen microorganism that causes diseases
  • Types of microorganisms include bacteria,
    rickettsiae, viruses, fungi, prions and protozoa

3
Bacteria
  • Very small, single-celled, cell wall and atypical
    nucleus that lacks a membrane
  • Cell wall is essential for bacterial survival
    (this is what the antibiotics attack)
  • They grow independently
  • Classified according to shape cocci, bacilli,
    spiral
  • Also grouped according to oxygen requirements
    aerobes or anaerobes

4
Rickettsiae
  • A bacteria, but an atypical one, so discussed as
    its own group
  • Smaller than typical bacteria and only grow
    inside animal cells
  • Transmitted through vector bites (ticks, fleas,
    mites, lice)
  • Humans are only accidental hosts for rickettsiae

5
Viruses
  • Smallest known disease causing organism
  • Must be viewed with an electron microscope
  • When a virus is fully developed, it has DNA and
    RNA protected by an outer coating of protein
    (capsid) This capsid has projecting spikes that
    are used to attach to host cells because they
    cannot survive independently

6
Fungi
  • Yeasts or molds
  • Yeasts reproduce by buds
  • Molds reproduce by spores
  • Some fungi are useful

7
Prions
  • Smallest and least understood
  • Do not have DNA or RNA
  • Resistant to bodys natural defenses

8
Protozoa
  • Single celled animals
  • Motile or non-motile
  • Motile protozoa move by flagella or false feet

9
Cycle of Infection
10
Reservoir of Infection
  • You can be a reservoir for infection without
    realizing it (carrier) ex. Typhoid Mary, HIV
  • Reservoir can be any place where pathogens can
    thrive (moisture, nutrients, suitable
    temperature)
  • Human body is most common reservoir, but other
    areas can be like contaminated food or water, or
    any damp, warm, dirty place

11
Portal of Exit
  • Can be any route in which blood, body fluids or
    excretions can leave the body (example infected
    wound)

12
Susceptible Host
  • Patients with reduced natural resistance
  • Nosocomial infection infection acquired in the
    hospital
  • Typical causes of the nosocomial infection are
    contaminated hands, instruments, catheters
  • Some worrisome nosocomial infections are MRSA,
    VRE and penicillin resistant strep

13
Portal of Entry
  • Route by which microbes gain entry into the
    susceptible host
  • Open wound, break in the skin, eyes, nose, mouth,
    bloodstream

14
Transmission of Disease
  • 6 main routes of transmission
  • Direct contact
  • Fomite
  • Vector
  • Vehicle
  • Airborne
  • droplet

15
Bodys Defense Against Infection
  • Natural resistance
  • Acquired immunity
  • Passive immunity

16
Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemics
  • Discussion of diseases of today

17
The Prevention of Transmission
  • Universal Precautions- all patients are treated
    as potential carriers of disease more emphasis
    placed on bloodborne pathogens
  • Body Substance Precautions- all other body
    substance besides blood
  • Standard Precautions replaced both of the above
    systems

18
Standard Precaution
  • Standard precautions apply to blood, body fluid,
    secretions and excretions (except for sweat),
    non-intact skin and mucous membranes
  • Standard precautions reduces risk of transmission
    by including precautions for the three modes of
    transmission- airborne, droplet and contact

19
OSHA and Bloodborne Pathogens
  • Congress passed the Needlestick Safety and
    Prevention Act in November 2000
  • This act defines engineering controls as use of
    effective and safer medical devices such as
  • Sharps with engineered sharps injury protections
  • Needleless systems

20
Important Terms
  • Medical asepsis
  • Microbial dilution
  • Disinfection
  • Sterilization or surgical asepsis

21
Hand Hygiene
  • We will check off on hand hygiene on Monday
    during lab time
  • Handwashing is the single best way to prevent the
    transmission of infection
  • Hand hygiene refers to decontamination of hands
    by soap and water, antiseptic hand wash or
    alcohol based hand rub
  • The use of alcohol hand rubs (see chart on 148)

22
Housekeeping
23
Handling Linens
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