Title: ENDEMIC AND NEW AND EMERGING DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE VLA THE WAY FORWARD
1ENDEMIC AND NEW AND EMERGING DISEASE SURVEILLANCE
IN THE VLATHE WAY FORWARD
2WHAT IS SURVEILLANCE?
- the ongoing systematic collection and collation
of useful information about disease, infection,
intoxication or welfare in a defined animal
population closely integrated with the timely
analysis and interpretation of this information
and dissemination of relevant outputs to
stakeholders including those responsible for
control and preventive measures.
3WHAT DOES IT NEED TO DO?
- Detect at an early stage a new disease, infection
or intoxication. - Rapidly detect pathogens or diseases which are
currently absent from the UK. - To detect trends in existing diseases.
4TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
- SCANNING SURVEILLANCE
-
- where animal populations are monitored for the
appearance of novel diseases or changing trends
in existing diseases. It includes the process
previously referred to as passive surveillance.
The surveillance carried out by the VLA regional
laboratories comes into this category.
5TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
- TARGETED SURVEILLANCE
-
- which collects specific information about a
defined disease or condition so that its level in
a defined population can be measured. This is
usually carried out by targeted structured
surveys.
6Why Does VLA Carry it Out?
- To detect new and emerging diseases.
- To assist defra HPA FSA in establishing the risks
to public health posed by livestock disease - To assist in the detection of notifiable disease
- To provide data for use in EU and third country
negotiations and facilitate international trade - To detect welfare problems resulting from new
disease trends or changing agricultural practice. - To assist the livestock industry in the control
of non-notifiable disease
7Why Does VLA Carry it Out?
- So that the chief veterinary officer can sleep
soundly in her bed safe in the knowledge that
someone is keeping their finger on the pulse of
endemic disease and if anything happens she will
be the first to know.
8PYRAMID OF SCRUTINY
- VLA Regional Laboratory
- Private veterinary Surgeon
- Livestock Producer
9Veterinary Laboratories Agency
A Network of sixteen Regional Laboratories and
two surveillance centres
Penrith
Thirsk
Preston
Sutton
Leahurst
Bonington
Bury St.Edmunds
Shrewsbury
Aberystwyth
Luddington
Carmarthen
RVC
Weybridge
Langford
Winchester
Starcross
Truro
An Executive Agency of defra
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11Coverage of farm holdings
This map looks more closely at the Shrewsbury /
Sutton Bonington / Luddington 50km zones,
together with dots representing cattle
holdings Red Holding that do deal with VLA
12NURTURING THE VLA /PRIVATE VET RELATIONSHIP
- Continuing to assisting the private veterinary
surgeon in the process of making accurate
diagnoses in farm livestock. - Being a focus of communication for veterinary
surgeons in large animal practice providing
consultancy, advice and support.
13NURTURING THE VLA /PRIVATE VET RELATIONSHIP
- Providing a disease investigation service to deal
with unusual disease incidents involving both
post-mortem examinations and epidemiological
investigations on farms. - Using the farmfile disease database to supply
private veterinary surgeons with high quality
information in support of their herd health plans
and local disease control initiatives.
14 Feedback to Veterinary Practices
- Monthly newsletters to all practices
- Annual reports on all diseases diagnosed
- Direct involvement in local clinical clubs and
BVA meetings - Telephone information service
15Endemic Diseases and Welfare Programme
Diagnosis for the vet
Notifiable disease
Novel disease
necropsy
Adverse reaction
Animal welfare issue
Zoonosis
Chemical threat to the food chain
16Data Collection
- Data on each submission is supplied on a form
specifically designed to meet VLA surveillance
requirements.
17The submission form collects data on
- Farm address
- CPHH number
- Veterinary Practice
- Principal clinical sign
- Duration of clinical signs
- Reason for submission
- Type of sample
- Species
- Breed
- sex
- age
- Production type
- Housing
- Number affected
- Number dead
18Recording a diagnosis
- Diagnoses are made by the veterinarian
responsible for the case - They are assigned numbered diagnoses under the
VIDA (Veterinary Investigation Diagnosis
Analysis) system. - Each numbered diagnosis has a specified case
definition
19VIDA
No
Condition
Diagnostic criteria
Notes
139
Leptospirosis Milk Drop
Clinical history plus either
Unvaccinated animals only see VISION 162 or
SACVSD LIMS
(a
) high antibody titres to
L.hardjo bovis
in single
samples (MAT gt 1/400) or
(b) significant rise in titre in
paired sera.
139a
Leptospirosis NOS
Clinical history plus
demonstration of high titres
excludes foetopathy
in single samples or a
significant rise in titre in
paired samples to Leptospira
serovars
See codes 165 and 162 for S typhimurium and
S.dublin
160
Salmonellosis due to
Clinical history and /or gross pathology plus
culture positive
Salmonella NOS
162
Salmonellosis due to
Clinical history and/or pathology plus culture
positive
Salmonella dublin
excludes abortion
20Diagnosis not reached
- 961 Systemic disease
- 962 Digestive disease
- 963 Respiratory disease
- 964 Urinary disease
- 965 Musculoskeletal
- 966 Nervous disease
- 967 Skin disease
- 968 Circulatory disease
- 969 Reproductive disease
- 970 Other disease
- 999 Unknown
21Storing the data
- The data collected on each case is entered into a
central database called Farmfile
22The Farm Visits Database
- Records descriptive epidemiological data on every
investigative visit carried out in the VLA - Provides an abstract of the essential findings of
each investigation
23Compiling the Information for defra and other
stakeholders
- Each month all regional laboratories compile a
report on livestock diseases - The information feeding the monthly report
comprises - Farmfile outputs
- Case reports
- Farm visit reports
- Communications from veterinary practices
24Compiling the Information for defra and other
stakeholders
- The Regional Laboratory monthly reports are
analysed, combined and a monthly disease
surveillance report produced which summarises the
overall disease position for England and Wales - This report is published in the Veterinary Record
25http//www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/vla/science/sci
ence-end.htm
26Monthly Surveillance Report
- VLA MONTHLY DISEASE SURVEILLANCE REPORT
- OCTOBER 2003
- Highlights
- Traumatic reticuloperitonitis outbreak caused by
tyre wire - Further outbreaks of botulism in cattle
associated with the use of poultry litter - Pasteurella trehalosi septicaemia causing losses
in ewes and lambs - Copper poisoning related to over-use of copper
oxide capsules - Ryegrass staggers diagnosed in sheep flocks
- Blackhead causing losses in turkeys
27Fig.2 VIDA Incidents of mastitis August 2004
28Carmarthen and Aberystwyth also diagnosed several
cases of parasitic gastroenteritis, all in young
cattle in their first grazing season. VLA VIDA
data suggests that there has been an increased
incidence of PGE in the second quarter of the
year compared to previous years. Fig.1 VIDA
Incidents of PGE (as a percentage of diagnosable
submissions) April-June 1999-2004
29All laboratories diagnosed Johnes disease during
the month although there were significantly fewer
incidents (70) compared to the previous
month(119). There were 47 incidents diagnosed in
dairy herds with 17 identified in beef suckler
units. In the first six months of 2003 Johne's
diseases has been the commonest identified cause
of diarrhoea in adult cattle.
30Monthly Surveillance Report
31The Quarterly Disease Surveillance Report
- Each quarter a detailed report is compiled for
- Cattle
- Small Ruminants
- Pigs
- Avian
- Exotic farmed species
- Wildlife
32Welfare Quarterly Reports
- Informs the defra Veterinary Directorate Animal
Welfare Division about animal welfare issues
arising from endemic disease surveillance
activities
33The Quarterly Disease Surveillance Report
- Provides an overview of the livestock industry
- Specific reports on prioritised endemic diseases
- Reports on new diseases or new trends in endemic
diseases - Reports on trends in undiagnosed disease
34Trends in endemic disease
35VIDA Diagnoses July-Sept 1999-2004
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37Disease Trends
38Disease Trends
39Disease Trends
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42Bulk milk serology
43The VLA Species Groups
Laboratory Testing Div.
Microbiology advisory Group
Virology Advisory Group
SPECIES GROUPS
Chemistry Advisory Group
Research Workgroups
Research Workgroups
RLs
Regional Labs
44Evaluation of new diseases
PVS
PVS
VLA Regional Lab
PVS
REGIONAL LAB
Species Group
VLA Specialist vets/scientists BVA Specialist
Div.vets SAC Vets Surveillance Div. vets
Universities
Other Institutes
HPA
SVS
Vet Schools
45Process of risk assessment by Human-Animal
Infections and Risk Surveillance Group
More detailed preliminary assessment following
compilation of further information and data by
HAIRS group
Identification by HPA, VLA, Defra etc of
incidents with potential for interspecies/
zoonotic spread
Discussion and assessment
Human-animal infections and risk surveillance
(HAIRS) Group
Negligible risk
Negligible risk
Potential risk
Minuted but no further action
Include in monthly output
Expert Group qualitative risk assessment
Monitor (HAIRS)
using UK Surveillance profiles when available
Negligible risk
Potential risk
Information and assessment communicated to DH,
HPA, FSA, UKZG, ACDP, CMO, CVO etc
Statement
46Ruth Lysons Head of Veterinary Surveillance
Division AHWDG, Defra
Partnership, Priorities and Professionalism A
strategy for enhancing veterinary surveillance
in the United Kingdom
47Our shared vision is of a future where the risk
of significant damage to human health, animal
health and the rural economy is mitigated by the
provision of faster and better informed disease
control measures. A future where we are
identifying emerging risks faster because our
surveillance activity is fully justified, open,
transparent, effectively prioritised, and founded
on surveillance data of known quality
48Veterinary Surveillance Strategy
- An improved and comprehensive network of
surveillance partners - A new system of profiling diseases as the
foundation to ensure surveillance activity is
prioritised effectively, based on objective,
defensible analysis of risk and impact - An innovative IT system (Rapid Analysis and
Detection of Animal related Risk) - Better value from surveillance data by delivering
improvements in data sharing and quality
49Building the Surveillance Information Pyramid
The Strategy will allow earlier detection of
threats by
- harmonising and
- quality tagging
- data collection
- prioritising
- streamlining data
- analysis
- improving
- dissemination
Ruth Lysons
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51FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
- Develop a robust system where relevant expertise
can be brought to bear on a new syndrome rapidly
and effectively using a risk based approach - Develop a well worked out transparent system to
allow rapid set-up of projects with appropriate
funding - Develop and retain well trained, motivated,
scientifically curious veterinary investigators
52FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
- Strengthen collaborations with other institutes
- Make maximum use of RADAR to improve the quality
of data available to VLA consultants - Nurture and strengthen our relationship with
large animal vets and specialist BVA Divisions - Further develop the VLA wildlife disease
surveillance network