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Phytoremediation of PetroleumPAHs

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Title: Phytoremediation of PetroleumPAHs


1
Phytoremediation of Petroleum/PAHs

2
Problem
  • Petroleum Spills
  • Industrial Processing
  • Manufactured Gas Plant Sites
  • Wood Preservation Sites
  • Railways
  • Landfarms

3
Oil Spill
(EPA, 1999)
4
Oil Spill
(EPA, 1999)
5
Phytoremediation Processes Organic Contaminants
ROOTING CHARACTERISTICS
TRANSPIRATION
PHYTOREMEDIATION
PLANT SPECIES
CONTAMINANT(S)
MICROBIAL POPULATIONS
6
Field Assessments
  • Craney Island Site - Sediment material
    contaminated with diesel fuel located in a
    biotreatment facility.
  • Port Hueneme Site - Fuel oil contaminated soil
    located in test cells at a DoD National Test
    Site.
  • Bedford Site - Manufactured gas plant site with
    high PAH contamination at depths of 3 to 6 feet.

7
Craney Island Site (1995-1998)
  • Site was located at the Navy Craney Island Fuel
    Terminal Biological Treatment Facility near
    Norfolk, VA.
  • Study area was 180 x 100 with four treatments
    and six replicates.
  • Tall fescue
  • Treatments were
  • Bermuda grass with annual rye
  • White clover
  • Unvegetated
  • Plots were fertilized and irrigated as needed.
  • Soil samples were analyzed for petroleum
    contaminants and microbial characteristics over
    two years.

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11
Above-Ground Biomass Craney Island Site
12
Microbial Analysis (Total Plate Counts)Craney
Island Site
9.5
9
Bare
Fescue
8.5
Bermuda
Clover
8
7.5
Log CFUs
7
6.5
6
5.5
5
5 months
11 months
17 months
23 months
13
Microbial Analysis (BIOLOG) Craney Island Site
14
Microbial Analysis (Petroleum Degraders)Craney
Island Site
15
Contaminant Analysis ( TPH Degradation) Craney
Island Site
16
Contaminant Analysis (Target PAHs)Craney Island
Site
17
Plant Uptake (PAHs) Craney Island Site
60
Fescue
50
Bermuda
40
30
Concentration (ug/kg)
20
10
0
Fluor.
C1-Napth.
Phenan.
Chrysene
Benzoap.
Napth.
Pyrene
C1-Pyr.
Target Compounds
18
Port Hueneme Site (1997-2000)
  • Site was located at the Port Hueneme DOD National
    Test Site.
  • Study area consisted of 60 x 100 plots with
    three treatments and four replicates.
  • Fertilizer and irrigation was used as needed.
  • Soil samples were analyzed for petroleum
    contaminants, microbial characteristics, and
    toxicity for 30 months.

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21
Above-Ground Biomass Port Hueneme Site
22
Microbial Analysis (Total Plate Counts)Port
Hueneme Site
23
Microbial Analysis (Petroleum Degraders)Port
Hueneme Site
24
Toxicity Analysis (Germination)Port Hueneme Site
25
Toxicity Analysis (Microtox)Port Hueneme Site
26
TPH Degradation () Port Hueneme Site
27
Contaminant Analysis (PAHs)Port Hueneme Site
28
Bedford Site (2000-2002)
  • MGP site with PAH contamination at depths between
    3 and 6 feet.
  • Two treatments are being compared hybrid
    poplar/grass cover and natural attenuation.
  • Fertilization and irrigation is used as needed.
  • Soil from three depths are being analyzed for
    contaminant concentration, microbial
    characteristics, and toxicity over the three year
    study.

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31
Toxicity Analysis (Germination)Bedford Site
100
90
Unvegetated
Vegetated
80
70
60
Germination
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 months
6 months
12 months
18 months
32
Toxicity Analysis (Earthworm)Bedford Site
140
Unvegetated
120
Vegetated
100
80
Biomass (mg dry biomass)
60
40
20
0
0 months
6 months
12 months
18 months
33
Microbial Analysis (Petroleum Degraders)Bedford
Site
8
Unvegetated
7
Vegetated
6
5
Log CFU
4
3
2
1
0
6 months
12 months
18 months
34
Contaminant Analysis (PAHs)Bedford Site
300
Unvegetated
250
Vegetated
200
Anthracene (mg/kg)
150
100
50
0
0 months
6 months
12 months
18 months
35
Supporting Greenhouse Study SpriggsBedford Site
  • Soil cores were taken in the field and placed in
    the greenhouse.
  • Trees (ash, poplar, and willow) were established
    in the columns with two takedowns (9 and 18
    months).
  • Water was added to the columns from the bottom
    to simulate field conditions.
  • Contaminant concentrations, microbial
    characteristics, and toxicity was assessed.

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40
Microbial Analysis (Petroleum Degraders) Bedford
Greenhouse Study Spriggs
8
9 months
7
18 months
6
5
Log Petroleum Degraders (MPN)
4
3
2
1
0
Control
Ash
Poplar
Willow
Treatment
41
Contaminant Analysis (PAHs)Bedford Greenhouse
Study - Spriggs
300
Control
Ash
250
Poplar
Willow
200
mg/kg dry soil
150
100
50
0
Napth.
Phen.
Chrys.
Pyr.
BaP
42
Plant Chamber Study - Chih
  • Mass balance approach
  • 14C tracer
  • Assess fate of contaminant

43
Plant Chamber
44
Growth Chamber
45
Plant Chamber Study Root Chamber
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
Control
Switchgrass
Cumulative 14CO2 evolution ()
Fescue
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Time (Days)
46
Plant Chamber Study Shoot Chamber
6.00
5.00
4.00
Cumulative Mineralization ()
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-1.00
Time (Days)
47
Plant Chamber Study Mass Balance
48
Results
Time Zero
49
Contaminant Distribution
100
80
60
Mineralized
Extractable by-product
Extractable pyrene
Residual phase
40
20
0
Initial
Control
Switchgrass
Tall Fescue

50
PCR-DGGE
51
Greenhouse Research
  • Fertilization Effects
  • Irrigation Effects
  • Bioavailability

52
Greenhouse Study - Hutchinson (Fertilization)
25000
Bare
LSD 2039
Fescue
Bermuda
20000
15000
TPH (mg/kg)
10000
5000
0
0N/0P
120N/12P
1000N/100P
1000N/250P
2500N/100P
2500N/250P
53
Greenhouse Research Hutchinson (Irrigation)
54
Greenhouse Results - Parrish
350
300
250
200
PAH concentration, mg PAH / kg
dry soil
150
100
50
0
0
4
8
12
Sampling period, months
Tall Fescue
Yellow Sweet Clover
Annual Ryegrass
Unvegetated, Unfertilized Control
Unvegetated, Fertilized Control
55
Conclusions
  • Degradation of target PAHs is higher in the
    rhizosphere than in bulk soil.
  • Microbial community changes were noted during
    phytoremediation.
  • Fertilization and irrigation have been shown to
    significantly affect degradation rate.
  • There is a correlation between PAH degradation
    and root biomass development and decay.

56
New Field Trials
  • Indiana Harbor Site Petroleum contamination in
    a riparian zone
  • Merrillville, IN Site Constructed wetland for
    high pH leachate from slag
  • Wisconsin CDF PAH and PCB contaminated dredged
    sediments

57
On-going Laboratory and Greenhouse Research
  • Molecular Microbial Methods to Identify Optimal
    Rhizosphere Characteristics
  • Effects of Plants on Contaminant Toxicity
  • Fate of PAHs in the Rhizosphere
  • Phytoremediation as Affected by Contaminant
    Bioavailability
  • Phytoremediation of Cyanide Contaminated Soil
  • Phytoremediation of Lead in Soil Adjacent to
    INDOT Bridges

58
Recommendations for Applications
  • Implementation of phytoremediation is not
    technically complicated, however, expertise is
    needed to maximize process efficiency.
  • Considerable time is needed for phytoremediation
    projects to achieve target levels, depending on
    the initial concentrations and the desired end
    point.
  • Environmental factors such as available water and
    nutrient conditions should be carefully managed
    to enhance the phytoremediation process.

59
Recommendations cont.
  • Phytoremediation can be used as a final polishing
    step or as the sole means of contaminant
    remediation.
  • A deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved
    in this remediation approach is needed to better
    select, breed, or genetically engineer plants for
    phytoremediation projects.
  • Root turnover and new root growth could impact
    the microbial responses for sustained TPH
    degradation.
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