Consciousness as awareness

1
ALP agent model that combinesreflective and
intuitive thinking

• Consciousness as awareness
• Levels of consciousness can be compiled and
• sometimes decompiled from one to another
• Compiling conscious into subconscious thought
• by reasoning in advance
• Logic and neural networks
• The meaning of life

2
Dual Process Theory of Human Thinking

• Intuitive thinking, which is tacit, opaque and
  automatic, extends perceptual processing to
  subconscious levels of thought.
• Reflective thinking, which is self-aware and
  controlled, can be used to improve conscious
  thought and communication.
• Reflective thinking can migrate to the intuitive
  level, e.g. learning to use a keyboard, play a
  musical instrument or drive a car.
• Intuitive knowledge can sometimes be made
  conscious and explicit, e.g. constructing a
  formal grammar for a natural language, coaching
  sports or developing an expert system.

3
Consciousness in computational logic

• An agent is conscious
• when it is aware of what it is doing and why it
  is doing it.
• Computationally, when an agent is conscious,
• its behaviour is controlled by a high level
  program, which manipulates symbols that have
  meaningful interpretations in the environment.
• When the agent is not conscious,
• its behaviour is controlled by a lower level
  program or physical device, whose structure is
  ultimately determined by the agents interactions
  with the environment.
• Logically, when an agent is conscious,
• its behaviour is generated proactively by goals
  and beliefs.
• When the agent is not conscious,
• its behaviour is determined reactively by
  (condition-action rules (or input-output
  associations).
• These rules and associations can be represented
  at different levels in turn,
• including both a logical, symbolic level and the
  lower, physical level of the agents body itself.

4
Consciousness on the London underground

• Goal If there is an emergency then I get
  help.
• Beliefs
• A person gets help if the person alerts the
  driver.
• A person alerts the driver
• if the person presses the alarm signal button.
• There is an emergency if there is a fire.
• There is an emergency if one person attacks
  another.
• There is an emergency if someone becomes
  seriously ill.
• There is an emergency if there is an accident.
• There is a fire if there are flames.
• There is a fire if there is smoke.

5
Compiling by reasoning in advance

• Use unfolding to reduce the conclusion of the
  top-level goal
• Goal If there is an emergency then I get
  help.
• Beliefs
• A person gets help if the person alerts the
  driver.
• A person alerts the driver
• if the person presses the alarm signal button.
• New goal
• If there is an emergency
• then I press the alarm signal button.
• Unfolding replaces a predicate by its definition,
  doing
• backward reasoning in advance of the need to
  solve goals.

6
Compiling by reasoning in advance

• Use unfolding to reduce the conditions of the new
  goal
• (doing forward reasoning in advance)
• Goal If there is an emergency then I press the
  alarm signal button.
• Beliefs
• There is a fire if there are flames.
• There is a fire if there is smoke.
• There is an emergency if there is a fire.
• There is an emergency if one person attacks
  another.
• There is an emergency if someone becomes
  seriously ill.
• There is an emergency if there is an accident.
• New input-output associations (reactive
  condition-action rules)
• If there are flames then I press the alarm signal
  button.
• If there is smoke then I press the alarm signal
  button.
• If one person attacks another then I press the
  alarm signal button.
• If someone becomes seriously ill then I press the
  alarm signal button.
• If there is an accident then I press the alarm
  signal button.

7
Higher-level compared withlower-level
representation

• The higher-level representation is aware that
• the goal of pressing the alarm signal button is
  to get help.
• The lower-level representation is not aware of
  the goal.
• If something goes wrong,
• for example if the button doesnt work
• or the driver doesnt get help,
• then the passenger might not realise there is a
  problem.
• Also, if the environment changes,
• and there are better ways of dealing with
  emergencies,
• then it would be harder to modify the lower level
  representation
• to adapt to the change.

8
In Computing

• Lower-level representations are more efficient.
• Higher-level representations are more flexible,
• easier to develop, and easier to change.
• Typically, the higher-level representation is
  developed first,
• and then transformed or compiled into a
  lower-level representation.
• Low-level programs can sometimes be decompiled
  into equivalent higher-
• level programs.
• The higher-level representation can then be
  modified and recompiled
• into a new, improved, lower-level form.
• Legacy systems, developed directly in low-level
  languages,
• may not have enough structure to decompile them.
• But even then it may be possible to approximate
  them
• with higher-level programs.

9
Feed-forward neural networks can be decompiled
into logic programming form (from Computational
Intelligence, Poole, Mackworth, Goebel, 1998)
inputs hidden units output  
known new reads
short home reads
with strength W if arguably reads
with strength W1 and arguably doesnt
read with strength W2 and W f(2.98
6.88W1 2.1W2)
 
10
  arguably reads with strength W1 if known
with strength W4 and new with strength W5 and
short with strength W6 and home with strength
W7 and W1 f( 5.25 1.98W4 1.86W5
4.71W6 .389W7)   arguably doesnt read with
strength W2 if known with strength W4 and
new with strength W5 and short with
strength W6 and home with strength W7 and
W2 f(.493 - 1.03W4 - 1.06W5 - .749W6 .126W7)
11
In English A person will read a paper if there
is strong reason to read the paper and there is
no sufficiently strong reason not to read the
paper. There is a reason to read the paper if
the author is known to the person, the topic is
new, the paper is short and the person is at
home.There is a reason not to read the paper
if the author is not known to the person, the
topic is old, the paper is long and the person is
not at home.
12

The meaning of life (for a wood louse)

• A wood louses life is without meaning
• If its clear ahead, then I move forward.
• If theres an obstacle ahead, then I turn right.
• If I am tired, then I stop.

13
But a wood louses life may have hidden meaning

• Top-level goals The louse stays alive for as
  long as possible and
• the louse has as many children as possible.
• Beliefs
• The louse stays alive for as long as possible,
• if whenever it is hungry then it looks for food
• and when there is food ahead it eats it,
  and
• whenever it is tired then it rests, and
• whenever it is threatened with attack then it
  defends itself.
• The louse has as many children as possible,
• if whenever it desires a mate then it looks for a
  mate
• and when there is a mate ahead it tries to
  make babies.
• The louse looks for an object,
• if whenever it is clear ahead then it moves
  forward, and
• whenever there is an obstacle ahead and it isnt
  the object then it turns right and
• when the object is ahead then it stops.
• The louse defends itself if it makes a
  pre-emptive attack.

14
Deriving an input-output specification by
reasoning in advance

• Unfolding the louses top-level goals generates
  subgoals
• whenever the louse is hungry then it looks for
  food
• and when there is food ahead
• it eats it, and
• whenever the louse is tired then it rests, and
• whenever the louse is threatened with attack then
  it defends itself and
• whenever the louse desires a mate then it looks
  for a mate
• and when there is a mate ahead
• it tries to make babies.
• The first subgoal can be written as two subgoals
  in the simpler form
• If the louse is hungry then it looks for food
  and
• If the louse is hungry and there is food ahead
  then it eats it

15
Sub-goals in simplified form

• If the louse is hungry
• then it looks for food, and
• If the louse is hungry and there is food ahead
• then it eats it, and
• If the louse is tired
• then it rests, and
• If the louse is threatened with attack
• then it defends itself, and
• If the louse desires a mate
• then it looks for a mate, and
• If the louse desires a mate and there is a mate
  ahead
• then it tries to make babies.

16
Sub-goals in simplified form

• If the louse is hungry
• then it looks for food, and
• If the louse is hungry and there is food ahead
• then it eats it, and
• If the louse is tired
• then it rests, and
• If the louse is threatened with attack
• then it defends itself, and
• If the louse desires a mate
• then it looks for a mate, and
• If the louse desires a mate and there is a mate
  ahead
• then it tries to make babies.

17
An input-output specification in reactive,
condition-action rule form (which requires
conflict resolution)

• If the louse is hungry and it is clear ahead
• then the louse moves forward.
• If the louse is hungry and there is an obstacle
  ahead and it isnt food
• then the louse turns right.
• If the louse is hungry and there is food ahead
• then the louse stops and the louse eats the food.
• If the louse is tired
• then the louse rests.
• If the louse is threatened with attack
• then the louse makes a pre-emptive attack.
• If the louse desires a mate and it is clear ahead
• then the louse moves forward.

18
A input-output specification with conflict
resolution compiled into the rules

• If the louse is threatened with attack
• then the louse makes a pre-emptive attack.
• If the louse is hungry and the louse is not
  threatened with attack and it is clear ahead
• then the louse moves forward.
• If the louse is hungry and the louse is not
  threatened with attack and there is an obstacle
  ahead and it isnt food then the louse turns
  right.
• If the louse is hungry and the louse is not
  threatened with attack and there is food ahead
• then the louse stops and the louse eats the food.
• If the louse is tired and the louse is not
  threatened with attack and the louse is not
  hungry
• then the louse rests.
• If the louse desires a mate and it is clear ahead
  and the louse is not threatened with attack and
  the louse is not hungry and the louse is not
  tired
• then the louse moves forward.
• If the louse desires a mate and there is an
  obstacle ahead and it isnt a mate and the louse
  is not threatened with attack and the louse is
  not hungry and the louse is not tired

19
ALP agent that combinesconscious and
subconscous thinking and that is aware of the
meaning of its life


Achievement goal
Maintenance goal
Judge probabilities and utilities
Forward reasoning
Backward Reasoning
Consequences
Consequences
Consequences
Forward reasoning
Decide
Observe
Act
Input-output associations
The World
20
Epilog

• Modeling Physical Skill Discovery and Diagnosis
  by AbductionIkuo Kobayashi1) and Koichi
  Furukawa2)1) SFC Research Institute, Keio
  University2) Graduate School of Media and
  Governance, Keio University(Received August 25,
  2007)AbstractWe investigate an Abductive Logic
  Programming (ALP) framework to find appropriate
  hypotheses to explain both professional and
  amateur skill performance, and to distinguish and
  diagnose amateur faulty performance. In our
  approach, we provide two kinds of rules motion
  integrity constraints and performance rules.
  Motion integrity constraints are essential to
  formulate skillful performance, as they prevent
  the generation of hypotheses that contradict the
  constraints. Performance rules formulate the
  problem of achieving difficult physical tasks in
  terms of preferred body movements as well as
  preferred muscles usage and preferred posture. We
  also formulate the development of skills in terms
  of default logic by considering the basic skills
  as defaults, and advanced skills as exceptions.
  In this case, we introduce preferences in
  integrity constraints either hard integrity
  constraints to be always satisfied or soft
  integrity constraints which can be ignored if
  necessary. Finally we apply this framework to
  realize skill diagnosis.