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T h e A m e r i c a n U n i v e r s i t y o f R o m e HST 201 - Survey of Western Civilization I

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Title: T h e A m e r i c a n U n i v e r s i t y o f R o m e HST 201 - Survey of Western Civilization I


1
T h e A m e r i c a n U n i v e r s i t y o f
R o m e HST 201 - Survey of Western
Civilization I
Session 12 Diversity in Cultural
Traditions Three Cultural Trends into the core
of the Middle Ages But before, some more of
periodification
2
Notes gt Vuk and Tess, please send me Word
documents that I can read gt Class on Monday will
start at 11.00am (till 12.15)
3
Peter Brown, 2003, A Life of Learning, Charles
Homer Haskins Lecture for 2003, p.9The study
of religious experience divorced from a precise
social context has always struck me as a
singularly weightless exercise. A history of the
rise of Christianity that is not rooted in a
precise and up to-date history of the social,
economic and cultural circumstances of the later
empire and the early middle ages is, quite
simply, not a history."
4
Why is p important? Why do we need manageable
chunks if history is a seamless web?How does
it help us in our day-to-day discussions on
politics and international relations?
Bentley (Cross-Cultural Interaction and
Periodization in World History, The American
Historical Review, Vol. 101, No. 3 (Jun., 1996),
pp. 749-770) gt P schemes based on the
experiences of Western or any other case hardly
explain the trajectories of other societies gt
Different peoples are involved in diverse scale
processes to different degrees, so global p are
approximate gt Alternatives sensitive to local
experiences as Brown's concept of Late
Antiquity (150-750) and splitting the Roman
empire, has great power to understand
historical development in the M basin and SW
Asia, even if it does not resonate on a
hemispheric scale.
5
Bentley (cont.) gt Cross-cultural factors
affecting boundaries and regions mass
migrations, imperial expansion, and long-distance
trade. gt Bentley proposes a post-classical age
(500-1000 C.E.) an age of transregional nomadic
empires (1000-1500 C.E.). gtThe perspective
changes Three states, Tang, Abbasid, and
Byzantine maintained order over large
territories, sponsoring powerful economies. Trade
imperial expansion encouraged cross-cultural
interaction stability in a very large region
encouraged merchants to revive the caravan
trading network of the silk roads. Then Seljuk
Turks built an empire extending from Central Asia
into SW Asia and Anatolia the Khitan and the
Jurchen people established an empires in the
steppelands north of China.The most dramatic
event the Mongols and their allies overran most
of Eurasia and established the largest empire in
human history, stretching from China, Manchuria,
and Korea in the east to Russia and the Danube in
the west diplomatic relations with the west.
6
The Middle Ages the events
476/565 800 1300
1453/1492 Early MA gt High MA gt
Late MA
Americas lt Fall of lt Constantinople Renaissance
lt End of 100 lt years war Battle of lt
Lepanto Reconquista lt of Spain
  • gt Fall of Rome
  • gt Justinian
  • gt Constantines division of Empire
  • gt Rise of Islam
  • Transition
  • Dark Ages

Holy Roman Empire Monasteries
Plagues Universities
Schism
Anglo-Norman Administration bureaucracy
Romanic arch. Gothic architecture
?
Not really the Dark Ages
7
The Middle Ages the events
476/565 800 1300
1453/1492 Early MA gt High MA gt
Late MA
Americas lt Fall of lt Constantinople Renaissance
lt End of 100 lt years war Battle of lt
Lepanto Reconquista lt of Spain
  • gt Fall of Rome
  • gt Justinian
  • gt Constantines division of the empire
  • gt Rise of Islam
  • Transition
  • Dark Ages

Holy Roman Empire Monasteries
Plagues Universities
Schism
Between Hellenism and Renaissance, Islam is the
Intermediate Civilization (Goitein)
?
Institutionalized Islam, territorial, mostly
non-Arab. 1250-1800. Military feudalism state
bureaucracy, mono- polies, supervised economy.
Intermediate, in timespace Greek secular
sciences, rich flexible creativeness in the
field of religion.
Arabism and Arabic Islam, receptiveness for
values of culture, spread of language Qoran.
8
The Middle Ages the events
1000
476/565 800 1300
1453/1492 Early MA gt High MA gt
Late MA
The Renaissance of the 12thCentury
Americas lt Fall of lt Constantinople Renaissance
lt End of 100 lt years war Battle of lt
Lepanto Reconquista lt of Spain
  • gt Fall of Rome
  • gt Justinian
  • gt Constantines division of Empire
  • gt Rise of Islam

Holy Roman Empire Monasteries
Plagues Universities
gtThe building of Western Law
Schism
gtIntercontinental commerce
Romanic architecture
gtGothic architecture age of
cathedrals gtRennaissance of
Greco-Roman art?
9
Hollister The Nonexistence of the Middle Ages
(The Phases of European History and the
Nonexistence of the Middle Ages. C. Warren
Hollister. The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.
61, No. 1 (Feb., 1992), pp. 1-22)
gt Middle Ages" term1469 Giovanni Andrea. gt
17th century, concept medieval describe and
stigmatize an allegedly stagnant, thousand-year
middle period between the fall of the western
Roman Empire in AD 476 and the events of the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries that supposedly
ushered in modernity. gt A-MA-M paradigm of
the 18th century, petrified in school and
university curricula in the 19th remains an
indestructible fossil of self-congratulatory
Renaissance humanism. gt No to Middle Ages as the
"Christian Centuries (great Christian events
before and after)
10
Hollister (cont.)
gt Divide between the late-antique and modern eras
should be 11th-12th rather than 15th-16th gt
Birth of Western Law gt Swift urbanization,
birth of the metropolis (and also the
agrarian village with Cathedral Church
with new cultivation technologies) gt Commercial
revolution, with new routes gt Economic take-off,
money, profit based gt Brown cites the
abandonment of the Germanic judicial ordeal in
the 12th c. is a gradual but profoundly
significant change in attitude, from law based on
divine judgment to law based on testimony and the
verdicts of juries. Perhaps the single greatest
precondition for the growth of rationality.
11
Hollister (cont.)
gt Also "The Gregorian Reform Movement" or "The
Investiture Controversy. Gregory VII vs. Holy
Roman Emperor, that led to the establishment of
Canon law, accompanied by a parallel process in
civil law based on the revival of Justinian's
Corpus Juris Civilis- the "Body of Civil Law"-
essentially, a compilation of the laws of the
Roman Empire. gt Haskins The Renaissance of the
Twelfth Century. He argued in fact for an
expanded 12th century, 1050-1250 gt Just a bit
defensive about his idea "A renaissance in the
twelfth century!" he wrote. "Do not the Middle
Ages, that epoch of ignorance, stagnation, and
gloom, stand in the sharpest contrast to the
light and progress and freedom of the Italian
Renaissance which followed?"humbug! gt A
thesis very much supported in the academic
community.
12
A novel periodification
  • Hollister proposes a different periodization
    schema as follows
  • Classical Antiquity (gt 180 AD)
  • Late Antiquity (gt 11th century)
  • Traditional/pre-Industrial Europe
  • (11th gt 1789)
  • Modern Western Civilization (1790-1950)
  • Post-Modern West (with Pacific-Rim Asia).

13
The Byzantine empire
  • gt Its start? Technically, the division of the R
    empire Diocletian? Constantine?
  • gt The Roman revival of Justinian, with a twist of
  • Latin in B 527-565
  • gt Germanic Lombards conquer the Italy 568
  • gt Ascension of emperor Heraclius, fully Greek
    rulers
  • Defeats the Persians, captures
    Jerusalem 610-641
  • gt Arabs occupy Byzantine territory and attack C
    650-717
  • gt Anatolia under B rule 717-750
  • gt Iconoclastic movement (in the same vein as
    Islam?
  • Against monasteriespolitical as well, against
  • pretensions of Charlemagne and Leo
    III) 700-850
  • gt Palace intrigues and complots strong,
    regulated administration based on control over
    trade, new
  • industries strategic position

14
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16
  • gt Stalemate between Arabs and Byzantium 750-950
  • gt Russia converts to orthodoxy 911-989
  • gt Successful campaigns against Abbasid rulers
  • B reconquers most of Syria 950-1000
  • gt Annexation of Greece, Bulgaria and
    Serbia 1015-1025
  • gt Schism of the Christian Church (and definite
    distinction
  • E vs W importance of B for the W
    overshadowed) 1054
  • gt Seljuk Turks (Ottoman) overrun eastern
    Byzantine provinces start of the defensive
    state decline 1071
  • gt Reign of Alexius Comnenus (against Normans,
    treaty
  • with Turks, Crusade, takes Anatolia but
    independent crusader states 1081-1118
  • gt First Crusade, Jerusalem 1095-1099
  • gt Fourth Crusade, capture of C by Venice
  • the Latin empire 1204-1261
  • gt Fall of Constantinople 1453
  • gt Trebizond, last capital of the minuscule
    Byzantine empire

17
  • Spread of Islam 622-750
  • gt Expulsion of Muhammad from Mecca (Hijrah) 622
  • gt Return of Muhammad to Mecca 630
  • gt Death of Muhammad 632
  • gt Abu-Bakr becomes caliph 632
  • gt Umar becomes caliph 634
  • gt Arabs occupy Antioch, Damascus and
    Jerusalem 636
  • gt Arabs reach Persian capital 637
  • gt Arabs invade Egypt 646
  • gt Arabs conquer Persian empire 651
  • gt Sunni-Shiite schism 661
  • gt Arabs conquer North Africa 646-711
  • gt Umayyad dynasty 661-750
  • gt Arabs invade Spain 711
  • gt Abbasid dynasty 750
  • gt Arabs stopped at Ostia 800
  • gt Arabs defeated at Poitiers by Charles Martel
    732
  • gt then stopped near Lyons 739

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  • The Caloringian empire
  • gt The Rise of the Carolingian Empire
    717-814
  • gt Charles Martel becomes mayor of the palace 717
  • gt The Carolingians (Charles, Pepin and Carloman)
  • share power with the Merovingian
    717-751
  • gt Charlemagne succeeds Pepin 768
  • gt Charlemagne is crowned Holy Roman emperor 800
  • gt Louis the Pious becomes emperor 813
  • gt Charlemagne dies 814

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21
  • Library research for paper
  • We train our students to become "information
    literate," which is defined as "the ability to
    know when there is a need for information, to be
    able to identify, locate, evaluate, and
    effectively use that information for the issue at
    hand."
  • gt Where to find the information? gt Using
    AURs resources
  • 1. AUR database local books
  • http//www.galileo.aur.it/cgi-bin/koha/opac-main.p
    l
  • 2. URBS database local Roman books
    http//www.reteurbs.org/search/
  • 3. CSI database list of electronic resources /
    Restricted
  • http//www.library.csi.cuny.edu/eresource/alphalis
    t.php

22
  • 4. SIU database journals and periodicals /
    Restricted
  • http//ux7xn7gd4e.search.serialssolutions.com/
  • Journal of Roman Studies
  • 5. Google Books / Open but limited have to be
  • lucky to have the right pages open
  • reconstructionheritage
  • middleagesplague
  • 6. Search with Google on the WWWsearch
  • adding PDF, sometimes you get important papers
  • middleagessocietypdf
  • 7. The use of Wikipedianot really recommended
  • Only in emergencies
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