Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation

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Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation
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Medieval Europe

• BackgroundThe Middle Ages were a dark age for
  Europe.  Near constant invasions and scant
  resources required that Europeans develop a new
  system for living.  This system included all
  aspects of life, social, political, and
  economic.  It was called Feudalism

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Feudalism

• Feudalism was a social, political, and economic
  system that dominated all aspects of medieval
  life.  The economic portion of feudalism was
  centered around the lord's estates or manor, and
  is called manorialism.  A lord's manor would
  include peasant villages, a church, farm land, a
  mill, and the lord's castle or manor house

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Manorialism

• Manors were self sufficient all economic
  activity occurred on the manor. This meant that
  little to no trade occurred during this time
  period.  Most of the peasants during the Middle
  Ages were serfs. Serfs were given land to farm in
  exchange for service to their lord.  Service
  included working in the fields, maintaining roads
  and the manor, or military service in during
  wars. . 
• The lords had responsibilities also under this
  system.  In return for the services and taxes
  paid by the peasants, they provided land and
  protection to them.  Lords also had to pay fees
  and give service to high lords and the king. 
  Feudalism affected all levels of society

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Comparison of Feudalism in Europe and Japan
Both practices developed in response to the need
for security and stability everyone had
well-defined social roles helped preserve law
and order
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The Age of Charlemagne

• Around 800 Western Europe was briefly unified. A
  Christian pope, proclaimed him Emperor of the
  Romans reviving the idea of a unified Christian
  world but widening the split between Eastern and
  Western Christinanity

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During the middle ages two distinct Christian
churches emerged

• Roman Catholic

• Eastern Orthodox

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Role of the Church

• Spiritual Religion was a central part of life
  for medieval people from baptism to marriage.
• Secular In addition to being the social center
  of the village, the church had economic power and
  political power. The Church was the largest
  landholder, gained wealth through tithing and had
  its own laws and courts which frequently clashed
  with Kings authority. Some parish priests ran
  schools.

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The Crusades

• In the 1050s the Seljuk Turks invade the
  Byzantine empire and conquered Palestine or the
  Holy land.
• The Muslims and Jews also considered this their
  Holy Land.
• The Pope called for a crusade to free the Holy
  Land

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Reasons for the Crusades

• The Pope wanted to increase his power
• Christians believed it was their duty to recover
  the Holy Land
• Nobles wanted to gain wealth.
• Adventurers sought travel and excitement
• Serfs hoped to escape feudal oppression

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Impact of the Crusades

• A major results of the Crusades, include Cultural
  Diffusion and an increase in trade.  European
  interest in goods from the east was stimulated by
  returning Crusaders who brought back many things.
  As the Crusades ended, ships that were once used
  to carry soldiers to the Middle East, now carried
  trade goods.  Merchants from rich Italian city
  states, such as Venice and Florence, dominated
  this trade. 

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Trade Fairs and Growth of Cities

• Along the trade routes, trade fairs were
  established in towns with larger populations, or
  at major crossroads.  Merchants and craftsman
  settled in these towns, and some grew to be
  cities of several thousand people.  This
  fundamentally altered the way people lived in
  Europe, and marked the beginning of the end of
  feudalism as serfs began to pay their feudal
  obligations with cash instead of service. An
  economy based on money, not barter emerged.

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The Black Death

• The bubonic plague was a highly infectious
  disease spread by the fleas on rats. Rats were
  common in the cities of this time.
• This particular outbreak first appeared in China
  In the early 1300s with deaths of about 35
  million Chinese.
• It was a global epidemic that that spread through
  the increased trade between counties.
• Between 1347 and 1353, the plague killed on
  person out of every three in Europe over 25
  million.

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Transforming from the Middle Ages

• HOW IT CHANGED
• Nobles, middle class, peasants
• Trade/money/lending/ banking/insurance
• Questioned church/secular view
• Celebrate life/Enjoy the Present/ Humanism
• Focus on Individual

• WHAT IT WAS
• Feudal System
• Manors
• Church is all knowing
• Black Death
• Focus on the Afterlife
• Focus on Group

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The Renaissance

• Renaissance means rebirth. It was a golden age
  in the arts, literature and sciences.
• During the Middle ages, philosophers and writers
  were concerned with life after death.
• In stead of the medieval preoccupation of life
  after death, a new way of thinking, Humanism,
  focused on life in the present and emphasized
  individual achievements.
• Ancient knowledge was rediscovered and the
  Classical period of the Greeks and Romans were
  glorified.

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Why Italy?

• Urban Centers
• Large city-states in northern Italy
• Cities breeding ground for intellectual
  revolution
• Cities Florence, Milan
• Thriving centers of trade and manufacturing
• Wealthy Merchant Class
• Merchants wealthiest, most powerful class
  dominated politics
• Had to pursue other interests Arts/education
• Medici Family
• Cosimo de Medici Influenced the ruling
  council (loans))
• Lorenzo de Medici behind the scene dictator

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Why Italy?

• Classical Heritage
• Return to Greek and Roman ideals
• Arts and scholars inspired by ruins of Rome
• 1300s Latin and Greek manuscripts studied

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New Outlook/AttitudeClassical - Worldly

• Patrons of Arts
• Church spent beautifying Rome
• Wealthy families supported artists
• Renaissance Man
• Ideal individual strove to master all areas of
  study
• universal man
• Renaissance Woman
• Inspire but not create art
• Less influential than middle age women

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New Outlook/Attitude

• Enjoyment of Worldly Pleasures
• Middle Ages piety
• Humanists- can enjoy life without insulting God
• People were still devout Catholics but
• concerns were secular (worldly and here/now)

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Renaissance Art

• Some of the greatest paintings, sculptures, and
  architecture in the history of the world.
• Greek and Romans styles were used for columns,
  arches, and domes.
• Artists were supported by merchants, popes and
  princes.
• Art was detailed, realistic, and reflected study
  of human anatomy

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Michelangelo
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Raphael and Rubens
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Literary Achievements

• Dante Wrote the Divine Comedy
• Cervantes wrote Don Quixote
• Shakespeare wrote many plays
• Machiavelli wrote the Prince

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Impact of Printing Press

• By 1300 papermaking and print technology had
  reached Europe from China.
• The invention of moveable type led Gutenberg to
  print the Bible in 1456.
• Books became more available
• Literacy increased
• Ideas spread rapidly

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Causes of Reformation

• The Renaissance. Humanism led people to question
  Church authority as increasing faith was put in
  human reason.
• Strong Monarchs. A weakened church meant strong
  national monarchs could increase their power.
• Problems within the church. Corruption among
  church leaders. Increased fees for marriage,
  baptism and indulgences for the pardon of sins.

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Protestantism

• In 1517 a German monk, named Martin Luther posted
  his famous 95 Theses against indulgences.
• Promoted radical idea that faith in God alone,
  not the Pope granted pardon for sins.
• Sparked Protestant Reformation.
• Followers of Luthers beliefs were called
  Lutherans and---eventually----Protestants,
  because they protested Papal authority.
• A French priest, John Calvin, an influential
  reformer who also preached predestination
  started another protestant movement.

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Martin Luther and John Calvin

• Ideas spread to Northern Germany and Scandinavia

• Ideas spread to France, Germany, Holland,
  England and Scotland

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Unless I am convicted by scripture and plain
reason, I do not accept the authority of the
popes and councils, for they have contradicted
each other, my conscience is captive to the
Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant
anything for to go against conscience is neither
right nor safe.  God help me. Amen. Martin
Luthers defense at his Catholic inquisition,
April 1521
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Counter Reformation

• A reform movement also took place in the Catholic
  Church.
• The purpose was to strengthen the Catholic Church
  and keep Catholics from converting to
  Protestantism
• 1545 Council of Trent reaffirmed Catholic beliefs
  and worked to end abuses
• Ignatius Loyola founded the Jesuits. Jesuit
  missionaries helped spread Catholism around the
  world

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Effects of Reformation

• Formation of Protestant Churches
• Loss of religious and political unity in Western
  Europe
• Religious conflicts sparked wars among the
  European states for over 100 years
• Anti-Semitism. Religious persecution increased,
  especially against Jews.
• Witch Hunts

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Summary

• From the late Middle Ages feudalism continued to
  decline as kings, nobles and the Church struggled
  for power. A growing population and increase in
  trade led to a commercial revolution in Europe
  and a growing middle class. The Renaissance
  sparked a new way of looking at the world and the
  printing press helped new ideas such as the
  Reformation continue to challenge the old order.
  Nations began to unite under strong monarchs and
  nation states emerged.