Energy Balance and Sustainable Solar Electrification in Bhutan

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Energy Balance and Sustainable Solar
Electrification in Bhutan

• ECE 510- Sustainable Energy Systems
• NGAWANG CHOEDA
• 05/05/2008

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Outline of the Presentation

• Bhutan- Salient Features
• Over arching development philosophy
• Bhutans Economy
• Present Energy Supply and Demand situation
• Status of Hydropower Development
• Rural Electrification status
• Sources of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy
• Off-Grid Solar Systems Problems
• Developing the Institutional Model- NEXT TIME

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Country profile
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Bhutan- Salient Features

• Located in the Eastern Himalayas
• Area 38,394 Sq. Km
• 72 under vegetation cover
• Population approx 0.7 million
• Altitude range from 100 7500 m above mean sea
  level
• 140 Km north south distance and 275 km east west
  distance
• Climate Wet summer monsoon and cool dry winters

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5 by 7 Feet , 112 Pages, 133 Pounds

• MIT Scientist creates Worlds largest Book-
  Bhutan A Visual Odyssey across the Kingdom.
• At USD 10,000 a Book- Its a good deal

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FOUND IN BHUTAN

• Rare and exotic species Golden Languor Found
  only in Bhutan
• Wild Berried Heron
• 72 Forest Cover
• US 200/per day for Tourists- Policy Initiative
  to preserve unique culture pristine environment.

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NATIONAL DRESS OF BHUTAN
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Whats Not found in BHUTAN
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OVERARCHING DEVELOPMENT PHILOSOPHY

• GROSS NATIONAL
• HAPPINESS

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GROSS NATIONAL HAPPINESS

• Commitment for building an Economy where material
  and spiritual development occur side by side to
  complement and reinforce each other .
• It is a non-quantifiable ultimate objective of
  every human being.
• Used as the fundamental political thought and
  objective in governance while other economic
  variables and material elements are used as tools
  to either increase or achieve it.
• It tries to strike a balance between the
  happiness achieved through material benefits and
  the spiritual satisfaction.

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Four Pillars of GNH

• Promotion of equitable and sustainable
  socio-economic development.
• Preservation and promotion of culture
• Conservation of natural environment
• Establishment of good governance

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Bhutans Economic Situation

• Total GDP(2007)- US 1.3 billion.
• Electricity Sector GDP( 2007) US 0.4 billion(
  30 of total GDP).
• Gross National Income per Capita- US 1245

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Development Philosophy

• Sustainable Development (renewable,
  environment-friendly, techno-economic viability)
• Economic self reliance (Hydropower resources
  development for meeting internal energy demand
  and export for revenue earnings( 5000 MW by year
  2020)
• Equitable balanced development (Electricity for
  all by year 2020 Extensive Rural
  Electrification)
• Enhance efficiency and energy conservation
  (automation, demand side management)
• Reduce dependence on energy import (e.g. on
  fossil fuels).

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Present Energy Supply Demand Situation(2007
estimate)

• Primary energy Bio-mass (1.2 million m3 per
  annum consumption, 1.9 m3 per capita) for
  lighting, cooking and heating- 2004 estimate
• Import of Kerosene (9001 kl), Diesel (43507 kl),
  Petrol (9112 kl), LPG (3887 MT), Aviation Turbine
  Fuel etc demand on the increase !- 2004 estimate
• Hydro installed capacity 1488 MW( 2007)
• Hydro Generation capacity1610 MW( 7450 GWh)

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• Annual Export estimate 1400 MW (6225 GWh).
• Bhutans consumption Losses 210 MW ( 1225
  GWh)
• Per capita consumption 1880 kWh (pa)

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Energy Chart
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Hydropower Industry- Drivers of Bhutanese Economy

• Total theoretical Potential 30,000 MW
• Identified potential 23,760 MW (PSMP update)
• Developed so far 1488 MW (6) from 5 large
  Hydro Plants, 23 nos of 8.6 MW installed
  capacity Mini/Micro Hydels ( 8 kW-2200 kW).
• Internal Demand 200 MW
• 1st Plant of 360 kW capacity commissioned in 1967
  to supply electricity to Thimphu( capital).
• 1st CDM Micro Hydro 70 kW Chendebji( 500 tonnes
  of CO2)
• Remaining to be developed 71 large sites (
  22,000MW)

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Hydro Power Backbone Of Bhutanese Economy
Hydropower potential 30000 MW Technically
feasible 23760 MW Current installed
capacity 1488 MW(6) Capacity by 2028-
6500MW Basin I 4819 MW Basin II 8182 MW Basin
III 10759 MW
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Hydropower Development in Bhutan

• A. Chukha Hydro Power Corporation ( 336 MW)
• Total Energy Output 1320 MUs on the basis of
  average flow.
• Cost on completion Nu. 2460 Million ( then US
  200 million)- 60 Grant, 40 loan 5 p.a.
  Govt. of India
• Generation Tariff Nu. 2.00/kWh from January 1,
  2005
• Source Wangchu River
• Net Head 435 m
• Capacity 4 x 84 MW
• Date of Commissioning 1988
• Beneficiaries  Indias Eastern Region
  Constituents comprising of  West Bengal, Bihar ,
  Jharkhand,  Orissa,  Sikkim and Damodar Valley
  Corporation (DVC)

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• B. Kurichhu Hydropower Corporation( 60 MW)
• Total Energy Output 400 MUs on the basis of
  average flow.
• Cost on completion Nu. 5600 Million ( then US
  119 million)- 60 Grant, 40 loan, 10.75 p.a-
  Govt. of India
• Generation Tariff Nu. 1.8/kWh
• Source Kurichhu River
• Net Head 33 m
• Capacity 4 x 15 MW
• Date of Commissioning 2002
• Beneficiaries  7 Eastern Districts

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• C. Basochhu Upper Stage Hydropower Corporation(
  24 MW)
• Total Energy Output 105 MUs on the basis of
  average flow.
• Cost on completion Nu. 1446 Million Grant and
  Interest free loan- Govt. of Austria
• Generation Tariff Nu. 1.8/kWh
• Source Basochhu River
• Capacity 2 x 12 MW
• Date of Commissioning 2001
• Beneficiaries  Domestic consumption

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• C. Basochhu Lower Stage Hydropower Corporation(
  02)
• Total Energy Output 186 MUs on the basis of
  average flow.
• Cost on completion Nu 1422 millionGovt. of
  Austria RGOB
• Source Rurichhu River
• Capacity 2 x 20 MW
• Date of Commissioning 2004
• Beneficiaries  Domestic consumption

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Tala Project( 1020MW)

• Installed Capacity 1020MW(4865GWh)
• Gross Head 860mtrs, Pelton Turbine
  Hydro-generating plant
• Design discharge 142.5 cumecs, run of the river
  plant with 4 hrs diurnal pondage
• Project Commissioned- March 2007
• Project cost to completion- Nu 43 billion US
  1.1 billion.
• Net revenue income( after debt servicing, O M)
  Nu 3000m( US 0.1 billion)

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Planning and Policy Interventions to enhance
Hydropower development

• Good Governance Plus
• Updated Power System Master Plan
• Umbrella Agreement with India 6500 MW by 2020
• Energy Policy- Draft ready for adoption
• Hydropower Policy still in formulation stages
• Integrated Management Master Plan
• Rural Electrification Master Plan

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Hydropower Projects in the pipeline
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Rural Electrification Status

• No of un-electrified villages 1,717
• No of un-electrified households (2007) 33,259
• ON GRID
• Villages to be electrified 2,268 (73)
• No of households 29,338 (88)
• Investment Nu. 3,208m( US 80.2
  million)
• OFF GRID
• Villages to be electrified 449 (27)
• No of households 3,918 (12)
• Investment Nu. 112m( US 2.8m)

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Why Renewable?

• Renewable Energy has emerged as the Energy source
  that is clean, sustainable and one that allows
  for ownership/partnership development amongst
  various stakeholders.

• Hydropower
• Solar
• Wind
• Geothermal
• Biomass

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Solar PV Potential

• Southeastern part of Bhutan -average of 4.3
  kWh/m2/day
• Western part of Bhutan- higher solar potential of
  more than 4.6 kWh/m2/day on average.
• Country average - over 4.4 kWh/m2/day.
• Total Installed capacity 0.245 MW

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Present Systems(Small Scale PV System)
Charge Controller- 10 Ah, 12V DC

• PV module
• 55 to 60 Wp
• (2) 110 Wp

• Battery
• 70Ah
• (2) 110 Ah

• CFL 11Watt Lamp x 3
• (2) CFL 11Watt Lamp x 5

Use - 4 hours a day (11Watt lamp) - 3 days of
Autonomy (Reservation)
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Average Solar Irradiation in Bhutan
Unit kWh/m2/day
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Wind power

• Geographical features and inaccessible high
  mountains high potential for wind power.
• Desktop studies National Average wind speed-
  gt5m/s
• Current status !!!

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Biomass Potential

• Forest biomass meets largest share of domestic
  energy(91)- Energy Security
• About 380,045 tonnes of crop residues, 81, 119
  tonnes of municipal solid wastes generated per
  annum.
• If collected and managed properly, MSW has
  potential to generate about 117 MW of installed
  capacity.

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Biomass resources and consumption in Bhutan

• 72 vegetation cover (legal requirement of 60
  cover for all times) challenge to match the
  supply and demand of timber/firewood/land
  acquisition for easement/right of way for roads,
  power lines and other public services
• Fuel wood volume standing 88 million mT
• Annual sustainable supply 6.7 million mT
• Non-fuel wood supply (saw dust, lemon grass and
  domestic animal dung) 0.8 million mT/a

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Biomass resources and consumption in Bhutan
(contd)

• Biomass/firewood demand (cooking, lightning
  heating)
• -Rural households -78
• -Large industries 9
• -Institutions 7
• -Urban households 4
• -Small industries 2
• -Others 1

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Biomass energy resources and consumption in
Bhutan (contd)

• - Small industries 2
• Biomass/firewood consumption 1.2 m3 per annum
• - Rural hhs (200-1200m) 2.5 kg/day
• - Rural hhs (1200-2800m) 3.4 kg/day
• - Rural hhs (2800-3600m) 5.7 kg/day
• - Other sectors of fuel wood consumers are
  govt. offices, monasteries, schools, hospitals,
  small-scale and large industries, urban
  households, arm forces etc.

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Biomass resources and consumption in Bhutan
(contd)

• One of the highest consumption of firewood in the
  world due to low efficiencies of the devices at
  various end users
• - Open fire mud stove 9
• - Bukhari (metal stove for heating)
• - Smokeless stove 15

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Fossil Fuels

• Fossil fuels divided into 2 categories
  Petroleum products and Coal.
• Petroleum
• No known Petroleum reserves
• No refinery for crude oil processing
• Main sources of commercial energy - Diesel,
  Petrol, Kerosene and LPG- All imported

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Import of Petroleum
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• B. Coal
• No known reserves of fossil energy resources
  except few coal deposits.
• All fossil fuels including high quality coal, oil
  and all petroleum products are imported.
• Coal deposits reserve of approx 1.96 MT(
  million tonnes).

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Diesel based Power generation
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WAY FORWARDOff-Grid Solar Problems

• I. Address only the Institutional Aspects
• Inadequate local knowledge
• Low literacy rates
• Limited/difficult access to spare parts.
• Weak service infrastructure
• Improper disposal of Batteries

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End of the presentation

• THANK YOU AND TASHI DELEK !