Title: BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES Serving the Present, Shaping the Future
1BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- Serving the Present,
Shaping the Future
Office of Basic Energy SciencesOffice of
ScienceU.S. Department of Energy
Basic Energy Sciences Update
Dr. Patricia M. Dehmer Director, Office of Basic
Energy Sciences Office of Science U.S. Department
of Energy 9 October 2006
http//www.sc.doe.gov/bes/
2BES Budget History
1,000
900
Research
800
GPP/GPE
700
Facility Operations
MIEs
600
Construction
500
As Spent Budget Authority (Dollars in Millions)
(Total BES/2)
400
300
200
100
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Fiscal Year
Excludes SBIR/STTR and Congressional Projects
3The FY 2007 Congressional Budget Request for SC
4Facility Budgets
FY 2007 budget provides a 19 increase in the
operating budget for ALS
5ALS User Support Building
6What Happened in Washington??
7The ACI support for innovation-enabling
physical science and engineering research
- The centerpiece of the American Competitiveness
Initiative is President Bush's strong commitment
to double investment over 10 years in key Federal
agencies that support basic research programs in
the physical sciences and engineering. Physical
sciences and engineering include high-leverage
areas of research that develop and advance
knowledge and technologies that are used by
scientists in nearly every other field. - Sustained scientific advancement and innovation
are key to maintaining our competitive edge, and
are supported by a pattern of related investments
and policies, including - Federal investment in cutting-edge basic
research whose quality is bolstered by merit
review and that focuses on fundamental
discoveries to produce valuable and marketable
technologies, processes, and techniques - Federal investment in the tools of
sciencefacilities and instruments that enable
discovery and developmentparticularly unique,
expensive, or large-scale tools beyond the means
of a single organization
24
8The AEIBES provides the knowledge the underpins
main goals of the AEI
The Presidents Advanced Energy Initiative
provides for a 22 increase in funding for
clean-energy technology research at the
Department of Energy in two vital areas (1)
changing the way we fuel our vehicles and (2)
changing the way we power our homes and
businesses.
24a
9Strategic Planning Basic Research in Support of
the DOE MissionsTo advance energy and national
security
- Basic Research Needs to Assure a Secure Energy
FutureBESAC Workshop, October 21-25, 2002The
foundation workshop that set the model for the
focused workshops that follow. - Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen EconomyBES
Workshop, May 13-15, 2003 - Nanoscience Research for Energy NeedsBES and the
National Nanotechnology Initiative, March 16-18,
2004 - Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy
UtilizationBES Workshop, April 18-21, 2005 - Advanced Computational Materials Science
Application to Fusionand Generation IV Fission
ReactorsBES, ASCR, FES, and NE Workshop, March
31-April 2, 2004 - The Path to Sustainable Nuclear Energy Basic
and Applied Research Opportunities for Advanced
Fuel Cycles BES, NP, and ASCR Workshop,
September 2005 - Basic Research Needs for SuperconductivityBES
Workshop, May 8-10, 2006 - Basic Research Needs for Solid-state LightingBES
Workshop, May 22-24, 2006 - Basic Research Needs for Advanced Nuclear Energy
SystemsBES Workshop, July 31-August 3, 2006 - Basic Research Needs for the Clean and Efficient
Combustion of 21st Century Transportation
FuelsBES Workshop, October 30-November 1, 2006 - Basic Research Needs for Geosciences
Facilitating 21st Century Energy SystemsBES
Workshop, February 21-23, 2007 - Basic Research Needs for Electrical Energy
StorageBES Workshop, April 2-5, 2007
10Past and Future BRN Workshops Address Many
Elements Required for a Decades-to-Century
Energy Security Strategy
No-net-carbon Energy Sources
Carbon Management
Distribution/Storage
Carbon Energy Sources
Energy Consumption
Energy Conservation, Energy Efficiency, and
Environmental Stewardship
11Positive Results from the BRN Workshops
- Significant insight gained on basic and applied
research challenges in important areas of energy
technologies. - Large numbers of PIs from the basic research
community are engaged and enthusiastic. - Status of solicitations for FY 2007 funding
- Notice DE-PS02-06ER06-17 Basic Research for the
Hydrogen Fuel Initiative (17.5M)(497
preproposals received 246 encouraged) - Notice DE-FG02-06ER06-15Basic Research for Solar
Energy Utilization (34.4M)(656 preproposals
received 346 encouraged) - Notice xxx Basic Research for Advanced Nuclear
Energy Systems (12.4M)(Request for
preproposals will be announced in early October.)
12Initial Results from the BESAC Grand Challenge
Discussions
- Our 20th century theoretical frameworks for
condensed matter and materials physics,
chemistry, and biology fail as we move to - ultrasmall or isolated systems at one extreme
and - complex or interacting systems at the other
extreme. - New 21st century frameworks must be created to
provide the language to interpret the discoveries
of the last quarter of the 20th century
superconductivity, metamaterials, nano-x,
chemistry in all its complexities including
replication, and more. These frameworks will
recognize that the boundaries among condensed
matter and materials physics, chemistry, and
biology are erased at small scales. -
- The BESAC Grand Challenges subcommittee posed
five questions - How do electrons move in atoms, molecules and
materials?Creating a new language for electron
dynamics to replace the 20th century assumption
that electrons move independently from atoms - Can we control the essential architecture of
nature? Designing the placement of atoms in
materials for exceptional outcomes - How do particles cluster? Understanding primary
patterns, emergence, and strong correlations - How do we learn about small things?
Interrogating the nanoscale, and communicating
with it - How does matter behave beyond equilibrium?
Formulating the basis for non-equilibrium
behavior, which dominates the world around us
13Overview of Relationships between BES Activities
and the ACI AEI
Technology Maturation Deployment
Applied Research
Grand Challenges
Discovery Research Use-Inspired Basic
Research
- Basic research for fundamental new understanding
on materials or systems that may revolutionize or
transform todays energy technologies - Development of new tools, techniques, and
facilities, including those for advanced modeling
and computation
- Basic research for fundamental new understanding,
usually with the goal of addressing showstoppers
on real-world applications in the energy
technologies
- Research with the goal of meeting technical
milestones, with emphasis on the development,
performance, cost reduction, and durability of
materials and components or on efficient
processes - Proof of technology concepts
- Scale-up research
- At-scale demonstration
- Cost reduction
- Prototyping
- Manufacturing RD
- Deployment support
- Basic research to address fundamental limitations
of current theories and descriptions of matter in
the energy range important to everyday life
typically energies up to those required to break
chemical bonds. - Particularly challenging are the failures to
understand systems that are ultrasmall or
isolated or that display emergent phenomena of
many kinds.
BESAC BES Basic Research Needs Workshops
BESAC Grand Challenges Panel
DOE Technology Office/Industry Roadmaps
23
14Update on the New Metrics for Assessing BES Light
Sources (and, by extension, the other BES user
facilities, too)
- In FY 2004, BES initiated a pilot study to
collect data from the light sources (1) total
available ports for beamlines (2) number and
quality of beamlines in operation and (3) number
of staff, including all relevant support staff,
dedicated to the use of the beamlines. - The data for each facility were vetted by a
normalization team consisting of one senior
technical staff member from each of the light
sources. The team visited the light sources and
spot checked the ratings to ensure uniformity. - In FY 2005, after reviewing the data collected in
the FY 2004 beta test, BES provided refined
instructions to the BES synchrotrons. The
facilities were asked to redo their FY 2004 data
using the new instructions and to provide FY 2005
data. - These data and some comparable data for two NSF
facilities the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron
Source (CHESS) at Cornell University and the
Synchrotron Radiation Center (SRC) at the
University of Wisconsin were included in a
report of an Interagency Working Group (IWG)
tasked by the Office of Science and Technology
Policy (OSTP) to investigate the status, needs,
associated policy matters, and interagency
coordination issues required for the maximizing
the scientific impact and efficient operation of
existing light sources.
15All Beamlines are Binned into Three Techniques,
Each Technique Has Four Subcategories http//www.s
c.doe.gov/bes/synchrotron_techniques/
Recall that the BES light sources identified
twelve categories of instruments. Descriptions
of each with examples of the science enabled are
posted on the web in an excellent reference
document and tutorial on light source
instrumentation. SPECTROSCOPY techniques are
used to study the energies of particles that are
emitted or absorbed by samples that are exposed
to the light-source beam and are commonly used to
determine the characteristics of chemical bonding
and electron motion. 01 Low-Energy
Spectroscopy 02 Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy 03 Hard
X-Ray Spectroscopy 04 Optics/Calibration/Metrolog
y SCATTERING or diffraction techniques make use
of the patterns of light produced when x-rays are
deflected by the closely spaced lattice of atoms
in solids and are commonly used to determine the
structures of crystals and large molecules such
as proteins. 05 Hard X-Ray Diffraction 06
Macromolecular Crystallography 07 Hard X-Ray
Scattering 08 Soft X-Ray Scattering IMAGING
techniques use the light-source beam to obtain
pictures with fine spatial resolution of the
samples under study and are used in diverse
research areas such as cell biology, lithography,
infrared microscopy, radiology, and x-ray
tomography. 09 Hard X-Ray Imaging 10 Soft
X-Ray Imaging 11 Infrared Imaging 12 Lithography
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16Distribution of Beamline Techniques Reveals
Important Differences in the U.S. Light Sources
Classifying the instruments at the light sources
by the twelve categories of beamlines reveals
some of the differences among the facilities.
For example, the APS, a hard x-ray light source,
emphasizes scattering while the ALS, a soft x-ray
light source, emphasizes spectroscopy and
imaging. A further breakout of the twelve
categories of instruments, four in each of the
three major categories of spectroscopy,
scattering, and imaging at all six U.S. light
sources is shown in the table below.
17The 6 Federally Funded U.S. Light Sources Hosted
9,159 Users in FY 2005
The size and demographics of the user community
have changed dramatically since the 1980s when
only a few hundred intrepid users visited the
synchrotron light sources each year. Here,
user is a researcher who proposes and conducts
peer-reviewed experiments at a scientific
facility or conducts experiments at the facility
remotely. A user does not include individuals
who only send samples to be analyzed, pay to have
services performed, or visit the facility for
tours or educational purposes. Users also do not
include researchers who collaborate on the
proposal or subsequent research paper but do not
conduct experiments at the facility. For annual
totals, an individual is counted as 1 user at a
particular facility no matter how often or how
long the researcher conducts experiments at the
facility during the year.
18For the 4 BES Light Sources, the Majority of
Users Continue to be from Academia
Notably, the fraction of industrial users has
declined significantly over the past 15 years,
reflecting the trend of industry to move away
from fundamental research. The fraction of users
from the host institutions has grown, reflecting
a new commitment on the part of the host
institutions to these user facilities.
19A Beamline Head Count at the 6 Federally Funded
Light Sources
In FY 2005, there were 207 operating beamlines at
the six U.S. synchrotron light sources (2 of
which are educational beamlines at the SRC), 29
beamlines under construction, 14 beamlines being
planned, and 64 open ports with no beamlines.
However, not all of these open spaces for
beamlines can be developed into best-in-class
beamlines. This is due primarily to space
limitations on the light source experimental
floors and to ultimate brightness of the beam
from the beam port. For example, at the APS,
only 20 of the 20 uncommitted ports access the
high-brightness insertion devices. Also, many
of the open spaces at SSRL have very significant
space limitations.
Operating
67
Open Ports
20
Construction
Planned
9
4
20Distribution of Technical Quality of the 171
Operating Beamlines at the 4 BES Light Sources
10
30
21
1.0 optimal performance
0.8 minor upgrade required
0.6 moderate upgrade required
45
0.4 major upgrade required
65
0.2 marginally useful
After the beamlines were counted, the operating
beamlines were then rated according to a quality
factor. This was done by the light source senior
staff. For the four DOE synchrotrons that
participated in the FY 2004 pilot study, the
quality factor assignments for each beamline were
vetted by a normalization team consisting of
one senior technical staff member from each of
the light sources. The team visited the light
sources and spot checked the ratings to ensure
uniformity. After a beta test during FY
2004, refined instructions were provided for FY
2005. The data shown here were collected based
on FY 2005 surveys. The quality factor data
indicate that only 18 percent of the beamlines at
the four DOE facilities are operating at optimal
performance. An equal number of operating
beamlines require major upgrades or are
marginally useful. The majority of beamlines, 64
percent, require minor or moderate upgrades.
Across the four DOE facilities, 46 beamlines (27
percent) were rated as "Best in Class" as
bench-marked against similar capabilities
worldwide.
21Beamline Staffing at the BES Light Sources is
60 of Optimum
FY 2005 Staffing 398
Needed Staffing 272
Each light source determined the staffing levels
at every beamline and estimated the optimum
number for each beamline. Staffing levels
included the number of staff who directly support
users at a beamline and the fractional staff per
beamline in other indirect support areas, e.g.,
mechanical, electrical, vacuum, computer and IT,
ESH, user coordinators, and so forth. The
normalization team also helped to ensure
uniformity in these assessments. The results
showed that the DOE facilities have staffing
levels averaging about 2.3 staff per beamline,
which was only about 60 of the estimated optimum
number.
22World-wide Capacity of All Light Sources in
Operation Today
World-wide capacity of all sources in operation
today. In this figure, the size of the symbols
has been scaled to the total capacity, i.e. sum
of insertion device ports and bending magnet
ports, for each facility. From the plot one can
see that each region (U.S., Europe, Asia
Pacific Rim) has very comparable capacity at the
present.
23World-wide Capacity of All 3rd Generation Light
Sources Operating or Funded for Construction
Given that 1st and 2nd generation facilities will
become obsolete sometime in the early part of the
next decade, a more useful plot would be a
similar world map of the capacity (as measured by
the sum of the number of the insertion device
ports and bending magnet ports) for each 3rd
generation sources presently in operation, and
those in construction and in design with a
construction commitment. It is seen that the
U.S. will lose its dominance in x-ray science by
the end of the decade.