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UML Models for DAML Ontologies

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Lewis Hart - GRC International. 2. Roadmap. Agents and Ontologies ... ontology = vocabulary, relations, operations, rules, constraints... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: UML Models for DAML Ontologies


1
UML Models for DAML Ontologies
  • OMG Agent SIG 12/11/00
  • Dr. Paul Kogut and Bill Holmes
  • Lockheed Martin Management Data Systems
  • Lewis Hart - GRC International

2
Roadmap
  • Agents and Ontologies
  • DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML)
  • The DAML Program
  • The Origins of DAML
  • UML and DAML
  • projects
  • process example
  • mapping
  • mapping examples
  • Conclusions

3
Agents and Ontologies
  • Domain models are used at run-time
  • agents share a context for efficient
    communication
  • messages declare an ontology
  • ontology vocabulary, relations, operations,
    rules, constraints...
  • example ontology fruit-market
  • ontology agent - allows application agents to
    query, retrieve and translate ontologies
  • example agent conversation
  • (cfp to i from j ontology fruit-market
    content (sell plum
    50))
  • (propose to j from i ontology fruit-market
    content ((sell plum 50
    ) (cost 200)))
  • (reject-proposal to i from j ontology
    fruit-market content
    (price-too-high))

4
Agents and Ontologies
learning
personal assistant agent
DAML annotated
knowledge base
information retrieval
user interface
reasoning
natural language processing
broker agent
ontology agent
business software
5
DARPA Agent Markup Language
  • DAML will create the next major generation of
    Web/Internet technology...
  • The first generation, the Internet, created
    largely by DARPA, enabled disparate machines to
    exchange data.
  • The second generation, the World Wide Web,
    enabled a wide range of new applications on top
    of the growing Internet. The Web made a huge
    amount of information available, in
    human-readable form, allowing a revolution in new
    applications, environments, and b2c e-commerce.
  • The next generation of the net is an
    agent-enabled resource (the Semantic Web)
    which makes a huge amount of information
    available in machine-readable form creating a
    revolution in new applications, environments, and
    b2b e-commerce.
  • by enabling agent communication at a
    Web-wide scale.

from Hendler - DAML briefing - www.daml.org
6
DAML Program
  • Main DAML website - www.daml.org
  • Duration August 2000 to Fall 2002
  • Approach
  • MIT W3C semantic web concept
  • www.w3.org/2000/Talks/0516-sweb-tbl/all
  • extend XML/RDF
  • represent ontologies
  • annotate web pages and other information with
    links to ontologies

7
DAML Program
  • 15 research teams and 1 integration team
  • industry, academia and World Wide Web Consortium
  • expertise in AI knowledge representation, logic
    and web technologies
  • cooperation with European Union IST Program -
    www.cordis.lu/ist/
  • DAML language definition
  • DAML tools
  • ontology development and verification
  • web page annotation
  • agent services
  • ontology translation
  • DAML trial applications
  • Government imagery analysis, DoD logistics, DoD
    simulation
  • Commercial information retrieval,
    transportation, financial

8
The Origins of DAML Web Technologies
  • XML
  • provides syntactic interoperability
  • depends on implicit semantic agreements
  • Resource Description Framework (RDF)
  • designed for representing metadata for web
    resources with XML syntax
  • triples
  • RDF Schema
  • adds OO concepts class and subclass
  • For more information see www.w3.org

ltshoeGenGovermentOrganization rdfID"DARPA/gt lt
shoeGenOrganizationHomePage rdfabout"http//www
.darpa.mil/"gt ltshoeProjauthorOrg
rdfresource"DARPA" /gt lt/shoeGenOrganizationHom
ePagegt
9
The Origins of DAML AI Technologies
  • SHOE - Simple HTML Ontology Extensions
  • defines ontologies and inference rules in
    superset of HTML
  • prototype for DAML ideas
  • http//www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/index.htm
    l
  • OIL - Ontology Inference Layer
  • defines ontologies on top of XML and RDF
  • based on description logics
  • research on tradeoffs between expressiveness and
    computational complexity
  • influenced the semantics of DAML
  • http//www.ontoknowledge.org/oil/
  • DAML design issues
  • efficient reasoning is important
  • are traditional knowledge representation
    assumptions violated on the web?
  • should web logic be monotonic or nonmonotonic?

10
The Origins of DAML Evolution
  • DAML-ONT v1.2
  • declarative knowledge representation
  • specification and examples released October 2000
  • http//www.daml.org/resources
  • extensive discussions found on
  • http//lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-rdf-logic/
  • formal semantics specification
  • http//www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/daml-ont-ki
    f-axioms-001129.html
  • DAML-ONT v2.0
  • expected early 2001
  • DAML-L (logic)
  • rule representation and reasoning
  • draft expected early 2001

11
UML and DAML Projects
  • Projects investigating UML DAML issues
  • UML-based Ontology Toolset (UBOT)
  • UML/XMI tools for DAML ontology development,
    webpage annotation and formal consistency
    checking
  • http//ubot.lockheedmartin.com/
  • Components for Ontology Driven Push (CODIP)
  • DAML ontology development and fusion with Rose
    2000
  • dissemination of DAML messages via channels
  • http//grcinet.grci.com/maria/www/CodipSite/codip.
    html
  • Stanford Database Group
  • OntoAgents - http//WWW-DB.Stanford.EDU/OntoAgents
    /
  • Layered Approach to Information Modeling and
    Interoperability
  • http//www.interdataworking.com/converter/
  • Representing UML in RDF
  • http//www-db.stanford.edu/melnik/rdf/uml/

12
UML and DAML Process Example
  • Baseline ontology for business

13
UML and DAML Process Example
  • Extended ontology for e-commerce

14
UML and DAML Process Example
  • Translation to DAML

15
UML and DAML Process Example
  • Graphical annotation
  • "Trey Clever is the CEO of the B2B company
    acronym.com".

16
UML and DAML Mapping
  • A UML profile
  • is a predefined set of stereotypes, taggedvalues,
    constraints and icons
  • tailors UML for a specific domain or process
  • Draft UML profile for DAML
  • primary goal - translate class diagrams into DAML
    ontologies
  • assumption purpose of model is to design a DAML
    ontology
  • secondary goal - translate DAML ontologies into
    class diagrams
  • future goal - translate legacy class diagrams
    into DAML
  • approach - use UML extensions sparingly
  • status - work in progress
  • not all DAML concepts mapped to UML
  • for more information see
  • http//ubot.lockheedmartin.com/ubot/details/uml_to
    _daml.html
  • http//grcinet.grci.com/maria/www/CodipSite/DAML_U
    ML/index.htm

17
UML and DAML Ontologies
  • This model shows dependencies between ontologies.

18
UML and DAML Domain and Range
  • Using explicit navigability and rolenames
  • DAML property age
  • domain Person
  • range Integer
  • DAML property mother-parent
  • domain Person
  • range Woman

19
UML and DAML Domain and Range
  • Using name direction arrow and no rolenames
  • DAML property age
  • domain Person
  • range Integer
  • DAML property mother
  • domain Person
  • range Woman

20
UML and DAML subPropertyOf
  • For simple hierarchy model subPropertyOf as
  • stereotyped dependency between 2 associations

21
UML and DAML subPropertyOf
  • For complex hierarchy model subPropertyOf as
  • generalization between stereotyped classes

22
UML and DAML Cardinality
mincardinality
cardinality
maxcardinality
UniqueProperty
UnambiguousProperty
23
Conclusions
  • Graphical modeling of DAML ontologies in UML
    appears to be a promising approach.
  • Differences in the design goals and origins of
    UML and DAML complicate the mapping.
  • We recommend that OMG initiate standards efforts
    related to DAML when the DAML definition
    stabilizes (mid 2001)
  • standard UML profile for DAML
  • consistent with UML profile for agents
  • each Domain Task Force should develop standard
    DAML ontologies
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