Childhood Disorders - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Childhood Disorders

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Neural plate at about 3 weeks ... Slower flicker fusion. Magnocellular deficit perhaps. Could be due to planum temporale deficits ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Childhood Disorders


1
Childhood Disorders
  • Psychology 2617

2
Introduction
  • To understand developmental disorders we first
    have to look at development of the nervous system
  • Basically it goes from head to tail and from near
    to far

3
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4
Gross development
  • When a Mommy and a Daddy really like each
    other...
  • Primitive body at 15 days
  • Neural plate at about 3 weeks
  • Plate curls up, forms the neural groove, this
    becomes the neural tube
  • By 49 days pretty person like

5
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6
Stem Cells
  • Neural stem cells line the neural tube
  • These divide quickly
  • Unlike adult stem cells, these guys divide and
    divide again, like well, like 'normal' (non
    neural) cells
  • Adult stem cells divide, but then one daughter
    cell dies!
  • Stem cells become neuroblasts or glioblasts

7
Stages in brain development
  • Cell birth
  • Migration
  • Differentiation
  • Maturation
  • Synaptogenesis
  • Cell death
  • mylenogenesis

8
Generation, migration and differentiation
  • Much easier to fix trauma if early on
  • Migration takes about oh 6 to 7 weeks
  • Then differentiation kicks in
  • Cells formed in a particular region differentiate
    into different types of neurons
  • Follow the radial glial road (very cool)
  • Layers of cortex develop from the inside out, as
    you would expect

9
Vulnerability and Plasticity
  • Teratogens (like booze for example)
  • Can cause agenisis or dysgenisis
  • Possibility for injury during birth too
  • Depending on the insult an immature brain may
    deal better than a mature one, though this varies
    more than originally thought

10
Some specific disorders
  • Hydrocephalus
  • Too much CSF
  • 27 per 100 000
  • Pressure damages brain, usually pervasively
  • Sunting can help
  • Turners syndrome
  • Missing X
  • Low cognitive functioing
  • Less parietal metabolic activity

11
Acquired disorders
  • FAS
  • Growth retardation, facial anomalies
  • Hard to know how much alcohol is safe
  • FSS maybe too
  • Pervasive cognitive and behavioural deficits

12
Learning disabilities
  • Dyslexia
  • Seems to be a genetic cause
  • Slower flicker fusion
  • Magnocellular deficit perhaps
  • Could be due to planum temporale deficits
  • (symetric in dyslexic people)

13
Nonverbal Learning disability
  • Sort of the opposite of dyslexia
  • Seems it could be a question of integration
  • Right hemisphere, particularly parietal regions
  • Talk a lot, but dont get the sort of social
    aspects of language

14
Pervasive developmental disorders
  • Autism
  • Poor (if any) linguistic development
  • Joint attention
  • Autistic aloneness?
  • Echolalia
  • Neologisms
  • Pretend play is abnormal
  • Book says 20 per 100 000, more like 300

15
autism
  • Hard to know what the cause is, though genetics
    do play a role
  • Hard to say what the problem is, is it cortex?
    HP? Amygdila? Other limbic areas?
  • Emotional perception and theory of mind

16
Putting it all together
  • Canalesthesia
  • Impaired affective assignment
  • Asociality
  • Extended selective attention

17
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18
Outlook
  • Well, it depends on the severity
  • Some autistic people never even develop
    linguistic skills
  • Some autistic people end up in special ed
    programs
  • Some autistic people finish high school
  • Some get PhDs!

19
ADHD
  • More males than females
  • Can continue to adulthood
  • Maybe half of all psychiatric referrals!
  • Often occurs with other disorders such as ODD and
    CD
  • Often with anxiety or depression too

20
What is the cause?
  • Genetics
  • Abnormal corpus collossum?
  • Less communication
  • Frontal lobe issue?
  • Lack of asymmetry
  • Frontal basal ganglia?
  • Decreased blood flow

21
models
  • So what is the deal on this disorder?
  • Seems that attention cannot be focused
  • Most models suggest that some component of
    attention, or all the components, are messed up
  • Why do stimulants work?
  • Well, stimulants focus attention!

22
Conclusion
  • Some of this stuff is pretty sad
  • However, new techniques and diagnostic tools have
    allowed people with say Hydrocephalus and Autism
    to lead really fairly normal lives
  • Drug treatments have been effective for ADHD
  • There is lots of hope
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