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Will You Become Your Own Nation?

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Will You Become Your Own Nation? Nationalism and Politics Under Globalization ... (now the Czech Republic and Slovakia), and Yugoslavia (now five independent states) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Will You Become Your Own Nation?


1
Will You Become Your Own Nation?
  • Nationalism and Politics Under Globalization

2
Authority in the Modern World
The Thirty Years War (1618-48) Treaty of
Westphalia
Rise of Modern Capitalism (17th-18th Centuries)
Sovereignty
Order
Markets
3
Identity in the Modern World
Communications Technologies (Printing Press,
16th century)
Shared historical experience
Shared Traits (Identity)
Shared Imagination
National Identity
4
The Collision (Collusion?) of Authority and
Identity
National Identity
Sovereignty
Nationalism and self determination
The Nation-State, from the French Revolution
(1789)
5
The three waves of nationalism
  • In fact, there were really not very many
    countries at all at the mid-point of the 19th
    century. We often think of the United States as
    being rather new compared to Europe but in
    fact, only Britain, France, the Netherlands,
    Portugal, and perhaps Spain, predate the United
    States as independent countries (Germany was not
    united until 1871, Italy not until 1860).
  • Nationalism was actually one of the primary
    forces that led to the creation of independent
    countries (it was not the only force, but it was
    one of the principal ones). So where did it come
    from?
  • Nationalism emerged in three distinct periods,
    which we should quickly consider
  • The French Revolution and the era of liberal
    nationalism
  • World War One and the principle of
    self-determination
  • World War Two and the period of decolonization
  • NOTE this makes nationalism a distinctively
    modern phenomenon. Some argue that there was
    such a thing as premodern nationalism (i.e. in
    ancient Israel, Babylon, etc.). Occasionally
    scholars may use the word. But most political
    scientists see nationalism as not being really
    born until the 18th century.

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7
Wave I Liberal Nationalism
  • Nationalism as we know it was born out of one of
    the great revolutions of the 17th and 18th
    centuries. There were three revolutions that had
    a profound and lasting impact upon the modern
    political world
  • The glorious revolution in England (1688) gave
    us the notion of constitutional monarchy (a form
    of democracy).
  • The American Revolution (1776) was a fight
    against absolutism (perhaps best expressed in
    modern terms as patriotism), but virtually
    ignored in Europe. But the American revolution
    was not so much about nationalism as about a set
    of political and civic values. Later, American
    nationalism grows, particularly in the war of
    1812-4.
  • The French Revolution (1789) witnessed the birth
    of modern nationalism.

8
The French Revolution
  • Nationalism emerged in the French revolution as
    the force that led French people to defend the
    revolutionary state against the reactionary
    forces led by the British and Austro-Hungarians
    who wanted to suppress the revolution and restore
    the monarchy and aristocracy to power.
  • It proved to be a devastatingly powerful force.
    At first, others outside France were shocked by
    it they saw an idea that led French citizens to
    want to kill and die for their common identity,
    and they thought it was savage and barbaric!
  • The French revolution gave us the idea of the
    national anthem, and the national flag becomes
    more than just a military identifying mark (the
    national flag was used, for example, in the
    United States before the French revolution, but
    it was simply a way to distinguish between
    friendly and enemy forces, particularly ships).
  • Following the French revolution, Napoleon began
    to export the idea of nationalism to other parts
    of Europe where peoples lived under the tutelage
    of old empires (Southern Europe, Eastern Europe,
    etc.). The first part of the 19th century
    represents the explosion of nationalism onto the
    geopolitical scene, culminating in the great wave
    of peoples revolutions across Europe in 1848
    (some successful, some not).

9
Wave II World War One and the principle of
self-determination
  • World War One (1914-18) may be considered to be
    the last of the old wars (elites against
    elites) and the first of the modern wars, in
    which nation fought nation.
  • The war was followed by a conference in France,
    when the major powers got together and discussed
    the geopolitical future.
  • Out of these discussions, the Treaty of
    Versailles (1919) established the principle of
    self-determination and carved out new
    nation-states in central Europe and the Balkans
  • In the Middle East, new boundaries were drawn out
    of the rubble of the Ottoman empire, and new
    states created however, these states did not
    often satisfy the specific demands of the local
    populations for self-determination, as their
    rulers were imposed by the colonial powers. Thus
    Arab nationalism was to become a growing
    political force through the 20th century.

10
Wave III WWII and decolonization
  • WWII signaled an end of the dominance of the old
    European powers in the world. Britain was
    exhausted, France and the Netherlands in ruins,
    Germany defeated. The United States, mostly as a
    result of the onset of the Cold War with the
    USSR, wanted to get as much sympathy on the side
    of the capitalist countries, and pushed the
    European powers to decolonize quickly.
  • This was mainly expressed in the break-up of old
    colonial empires, much of it under strong
    pressure from the US.
  • However, decolonization also took place against
    the back-drop of the Cold War the way in which
    independence took place was often determined by
    the intense rivalry between the United States and
    the USSR.

11
The Fourth Wave?
  • The end of the Cold War has meant the break-up of
    formerly communist states like the USSR.
    Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic and
    Slovakia), and Yugoslavia (now five independent
    states). In many other places, national peoples
    are beginning to reassert old demands for
    self-determination.
  • This raises an uncomfortable question what are
    the limits to self-determination? As part of
    this question, we might think about the size of
    the nation. The world has witnessed the rise of
    so-called ethno-nationalism, meaning nationalism
    on a very small scale, where ethnic groups take
    on nationalist characteristics and demands (think
    about the size of Kosovo, for example look it up
    on the internet and or on a map).
  • Globalization has led to new migration,
    immigration, and population pressures.
  • Some have said, paradoxically, that globalization
    also might be leading to the break-down of
    national cultures, as we see the rise of things
    like global consumerism, communications, travel,
    etc.
  • As a question for discussion do we think that
    national identity is in some way challenged by
    globalization? For example, do we think that
    Europeans and Americans are becoming more alike
    in significant ways? If globalization were to
    challenge national identity, do we think this is
    a good or bad thing?

12
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