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Oil
CATERPILLAR
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Big Foot
Caterpillar
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Progress ??
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Oil

• Understanding Oil
• in todays well lubricated world

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Why you need Oil in your engine

• Lubrication
• Oil is Reducing Friction and Wear.
• Cooling
• Oil acts as a Coolant (piston Cooling)
• Cleaning
• Oil flushes away the tiny wear particles
• Sealing
• Oil is forming a seal (piston rings)
• Protecting
• Oil prevents rust and corrosion.

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The type of Oil you need

• Spark Ignited Engine Oils
• Used in Gasoline Engines.
• The API letter Designation S
• Compression Ignited Engine Oils
• Used in Diesel Engines.
• The API letter Designation C

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Engine Oil Classifications

• API
• American Petroleum Institute. This
  organization designates service classifications
  for Oils ( S , C ).
• SAE
• Society of Automotive Engineers. Establishes
  viscosity ratings ( SAE 40).
• ASTM
• American Society of Testing Materials.
  Standardization of the testing methods.

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Engine Oil Classifications

• JASO
• Japanese Automobile Standards Organization.
• CCMC
• Comite des Constructeurs
  dAutomobiles du Marche Common.
• Engine manufacturers in the EG

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The API Donut

• Oil supplier may use the API Service Categories.
• Only Licensed companies may use the API DONUT
  Symbol
• Licensees who use this DONUT have certified that
  Each licensed Oil meets all Prescribed Technical
  Performance Standards.
• Monitoring is done through the SAE Oil Labeling
  Assessment Program (OLAPP).
• More Info Refer to Oil and your engine

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Service Station Oils

• SA 1900 - 1930SB 1931 - 1963SC 1964
  - 1967SD 1968 - 1971SE 1972 -
  1979SG 1990 - 1993SH 1994 - 1994 More
  info.? Refer to Oil and Your Engine.

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Commercial Oils

• Used in Light to Heavy Duty Diesel applications,
• On-Highway Trucks
• Off-Highway Trucks
• Earthmoving Machine Engines
• Industrial Engines
• Marine Engines

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Commercial Oils

• CA Light-duty into 1950
• CB Moderate-duty 1949-1961
• CC Moderate-to-severe duty 1960-1990
• CD Severe-duty 1955-1995
• CD-II Severe-duty two stroke
• CE Turbocharged Heavy-duty since 1983
• CF Upgrade over CE
• CF-II Upgrade over CD-II
• CF- 4 High-speed 4 Stroke Diesel 1990
• CG- 4 Low Sulfur Fuel 0.05 1995
• CH - 4 Requirement for 1998
• CI 4 October 2002 exhaust emissions 2002
• CI 4 Plus September 1 2004

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Viscosity

• Viscosity refers to an Oils thickness or its
  resistance to flow.
• High viscosity means thicker Oil
• SAE 40 is thicker than SAE 30
• Low Viscosity means thinner Oil
• The rate at which Oil thins out is called the
  Oils Viscosity Index or V.I.

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Viscosity II

• The more VISCOUS (or thicker) an Oil is the
  thicker the Oil film it will provide.
• The thicker the Oil film, the more resistant it
  will be to being wiped or rubbed from lubricated
  surfaces.
• Oil that is too thick will have excessive
  resistance to flow at low temperatures and so may
  not flow quickly enough to those parts requiring
  lubrication.

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Viscosity-Grades

• Single Grade Oil ( SAE 40 )
• Is an engine Oil that meets the SAE viscosity
  grade classifications at a temp. of 100 C (212
  F)
• Multi Grade Oil ( SAE 15 W 40 )
• Is an engine Oil that meets the SAE viscosity
  grade classifications at a temp. Of -18 C (0
  F) And at a temp. Of 100 C (212 F)
• SAE 15 at -18 C. and 40 at 100 C.

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Base Stocks

• Mineral Base Stock
• Synthetic Base Stock

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Mineral Base Stock

• Mineral Base Stock Refined
  from petroleum crude Oils.

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Synthetic Base Stock

• Synthetic Base Stock
  Formed by a chemical process.

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Additives

• Additives strengthen or modify certain
  characteristics of the base Oil.
• Additives enable the oil to meet requirements
  beyond the abilities of the base Oil.

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Additives
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Additives

• Detergents.
• Alkalinity Agents.
• Oxidation Inhibitors.
• Dispersants.
• Anti-Foaming Agents
• Anti-Wear Agents.
• Pour-point dispersants.
• Viscosity index improvers.

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Additives

• Detergents
• Help to keep the engine clean by chemically
  reacting with oxidation products.
• To stop the formation and deposit of insoluble
  compounds (plug Oil filter).
• Change the combustion and oxidation acids into
  harmless salts.

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Additives

• Alkalinity agents
• Alkalinity agents help neutralize sulfur by
  products like sulphurous and sulfuric acids.
• And retard corrosive damage to the engine in
  particular Cylinder liners.

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Additives

• Oxidation Inhibitors
• Help prevent increases in viscosity.
• And the development of organic acids and the
  formation of carbonaceous matter.
• Zinc is used as a anti-oxidant.

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Additives

• Dispersants
• Help prevent sludge formation by dispersing
  contaminants and keeping them in suspension.
• If particles are allowed to bond together, they
  will eventually increase engine wear and plug the
  Oil filters.

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Additives

• Anti-Foaming Agent
• Prevents the Oil from Foaming which causes the
  loss of oil pressure,
• Foaming reduces the Oils cooling ability,
• Once Oil becomes aerated it will lose its
  lubricating capacity.

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Additives

• Anti-wear agents
• Reduce friction by forming a film on metal
  surfaces and by protecting metal surfaces from
  corrosion.
• Alkaline detergents and zinc are types of agents.

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Additives

• Viscosity index improvers
• Help prevent the Oil from becoming too thin at
  high temperatures.
• V.I. improvers are chemicals which improve
  (reduce) the rate of viscosity change with
  temperature change.

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Additives

• Pour-point dispersants
• Keep the Oil fluid at low temperatures by
  preventing the growth and agglomeration of wax
  crystals.

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Total Base Number (TBN)

• The alkalinity reserve in the oil is known as its
  TBN
• The higher the TBN value the more acid (sulfur)
  neutralizing capacity the Oil contains.
• Refer to Oil and Your Engine

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Why CF-4 /CG-4 Oils ?

• Top piston ring position has been important in
  the redesign of 1990s engines.
• Rings are now set higher on the piston,
  
• This reduces dead space in the combustion
  chamber, thus improving fuel efficiency and
  lowering emissions.
• Higher mounted top rings scrape more soot from
  the sides of the liner and transport it to the
  crankcase oil as soot.

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Piston Redesign of 1990
Piston Top land Height difference Crevice Volume
Earlier type
Redesign
Cylinder Liner
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Why CF-4 /CG-4 Oils ?

• The new piston design results in top ring groove
  temperatures being 60 C. (140 F) higher
  than the earlier engine design.
• If an API CF-4 oil is not used , the higher
  temperatures cause deposits to build up in the
  ring grooves and on ring land areas.
• The Deposits will wear away the cross hatch
  pattern (bore polishing).

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Ash or Sulfated Ash

• The Ash Content of an Oil is the noncombustible
  residue of a lubricating oil.
• Additives contain metallic derivatives, such as
  Barium, Calcium, and Magnesium compounds that
  are common sources of Ash.
• These metallo-organic compounds in the Oil
  provide the TBN for Oil alkalinity.

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S.O.S.

• And How do we Use it ?

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S.O.S.

• Scheduled
• Oil
• Sampling

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S.O.S. Diagnostic Tests

• Wear Analysis
• Chemical and Physical Tests
• Oil Condition Analysis

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S.O.S. Diagnostic Tests

• Wear Analysis
• Inductive Coupled Plasma
  Autosampler ICP.
• After 3 samples, trend lines can be established.

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S.O.S. Diagnostic Tests

• Chemical and Physical Tests
• Detect Water, Fuel and Antifreeze in the Oil.
• Water Sputter test (0.1-0.5 ).
• Fuel Cetaflash tester (4 ).
• Antifreeze Chemical test (0 ).

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S.O.S. Diagnostic Tests

• Oil Condition Analysis.
• Is performed via Infrared Analysis.
• Determines and measures the amount of
  contaminants such as Soot , Sulfur Oxidation and
  Nitration products.

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Oil Contamination

• Wear Elements indicate that a part or a
  component is wearing.
• Dirt Blowby, in the Oil, Scraped from cylinder
  walls.
• Soot Partially burned fuel.
• Fuel Failure in the fuel system.
• Water Condensation / Coolant leakage.
• Glycol Coolant leakage.

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Wear Elements

• CU Copper
• Where do we find CU in the Engine ?
• Turbo Bearings.
• Oil Cooler.
• Bearings (Copper bounding).
• Gaskets.
• ??

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Wear Elements

• FE Iron
• Where do we find FE in the Engine ?
• Camshafts and cam followers.
• Gearwheels.
• Pumps.
• Cylinder Liners.
• Valve Stem and Valve Guide
• ??

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Wear Elements

• CR Chromium Chrome
• Where do we find CR in the engine ?
• Piston rings.
• Valve Stem.
• Fuel pump / Injector parts.
• Bearings.
• ??

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Wear Elements

• PB Lead
• Where do we find PB in the engine ?
• Bearings.
• ??

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Wear Elements

• AL Aluminum
• Where do we find AL in the engine ?
• Pistons.
• Bearings.
• Housings.
• ??

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Wear Elements

• SI Silicon Sand
• Silicone Chemical compound
• Where do we find SI in the engine ?
• ??
• Dirty / Damaged / or no Air Filter.
• Assembly of dirty engine parts !
• Oil storage ? / Environment ?

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Wear Elements

• NA Nitrate Sodium.
• Where do we find NA in the engine ?
• ??
• In the Oil !
• Sodium is a left over from an engine coolant
  which has evaporated.

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Wear Elements

• SN Tin
• Where do we find SN in the engine ?
• Bearings
• ?

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I.R. Analysis

• ST Soot
• Why Soot ?
• Soot is a by-product of combustion.
• Soot is an Insoluble particulate that can plug
  Oil filters.
• Soot depletes the dispersant additives in the Oil.

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I.R. Analysis

• OXI Oxidation
• Why Oxidation ?
• Oxidation occurs when Oxygen attacks petroleum
  fluids.
• This process is accelerated by heat.
• As Oil Oxidizes, it loses its lubricating
  properties.
• The viscosity increases.

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I.R. Analysis

• NIT Nitration
• Why Nitration ?
• Nitrogen compounds resulting from the combustion
  process.
• Cause the oil to thicken, lose its lubricating
  abilities.
• Reaches only problem levels in natural gas
  engines.

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I.R. Analysis

• SUL Sulfation
• Why Sulfation ?
• Sulfur is a by-product of combustion.
• Sulfur by itself is harmless.
• Sulfuric acid is formed when water/ condensation
  is present.
• TBN min. 50 of the new oil TBN number.

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I.R. Analysis

• F Fuel
• Why Fuel ?
• Injection system Failure.
• Fuel contamination decreases the Oils
  lubricating properties.
• Clean Oil has a Flash point above 200 C.
  (392 F)

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I.R. Analysis

• W Water
• Why Water ?
• Coolant leakage / Condensation.
• Water combined with oil creates an emulsion which
  will plugs Oil filters.
• Water will evaporate but will leave NA in
  the Oil.

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I.R. Analysis

• A Antifreeze
• Why Antifreeze ?
• Ethylene Glycol / Antifreeze is an indicator of
  coolant leaking.
• Glycol will cause sludge to form in the oil and
  can plug Oil filters.
• Glycol will speed up Oxidation.

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I.R. Analysis

• Oil Condition Analysis
• Performed via infrared analysis
• Test determines and measures the amount of
  contaminants
• Soot
• Sulfur
• Oxidation products
• Nitration products
• Infrared should always be accompanied by physical
  and chemical test
• Infrared can be used to adjust oil change periods

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Wear Element Combinations

• Fe
• Where do we find FE on its own ??
• Camshaft
• Lifters.
• Gears.
• Pumps.
• Valve Stem / Valve Guide
• ??

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Wear Element Combinations

• FE CR SI are High ??
• Dirt has entered the engine through the air
  intake system.
• Piston ring wear !!!
• Cylinder liner wear !!!

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Wear Element Combinations

• SI FE PB AL are High ??
• Dirt in the lower engine.
• Potential crankshaft and bearing wear.
• Blowby ?
• ??

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Wear Element Combinations

• Do we know more Wear Element combinations ?
• Or Other combinations ?

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Oil Change Interval Extension

• There are 6 Parameters that can tell the extent
  of Oil degradation,
• TBN or Sulfur level.
• Soot level.
• Oxidation level.
• Viscosity.
• Contamination levels
  
  Water / Antifreeze /
  Fuel / Wear Debris / Dirt
• Condition of the Oil Filter (Plugged/Sludged ).

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Excessive Engine Oil Consumption

• Excessive oil consumption is determined for
  engine from the 3100 Series to the 3400Series
  using the Service Warranty Bulletin No. 6.5
• Excessive oil consumption is determined by
  measuring the amount of oil consumed compared to
  the amount of fuel consumed.

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Oil Consumption

• Commercial engines can also have the oil
  consumption calculated
• Brake Specific Oil Consumption B.S.O.C.
• BSOC pounds of oil consumed per Hp per Hour
• BSOC Lbs./Hp-Hr.
• Reference EDS Sheet 96.2
• Oil Consumption Data
• Oil Usage US Gals Engine Hp X Load Factor X
  BSOC / 7.5
• Difficult part of this formula is to determine
  the correct Load Factor.

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Questions ?