Education

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Education
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The Development of Schooling

• Modern Education
• The instruction of pupils within specially
  designated school premises began to emerge with
  the spread of printed materials and higher levels
  of literacy.
• Industrialization leads to
• a demand for a better-educated labor force
• the modern educational system

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The Development of Schooling

• Schooling in the United States has its origins in
  the disciplining of children. The basis of this
  17th century development was the Puritan belief
  that all children should obey their parents
  without question.
• All states in the United States provided free
  elementary schooling by the 1850s.

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The Development of Schooling

• Compulsory education was introduced in most
  states toward the end of the nineteenth century.
• In the United States, education was seen as an
  avenue of mobility in a society in which the
  aristocratic ideal had never held swayThe Great
  Equalizer

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The Development of Schooling

• In France, primary and secondary education is
  highly centralized. All students follow
  nationally determined curricula and sit for
  exactly the same national examinations.

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The Development of Schooling

• In some countries, all universities and colleges
  are public agencies and receive their funding
  directly from government sources.
• The United States has a much higher proportion of
  private colleges universities than most other
  industrialized countries (more than half are
  privately funded).

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The Development of SchoolingGlobalization and
Technological Advance

• Creation of a global market in higher education
• With internet-based learning the formation of
  e-universities, education becomes more accessible
  to a global audience.
• Internet-based courses attempt to replicate all
  the elements of traditional learning in an online
  environment.

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Sociological Perspectives on Education

• Functionalism
• How does the institution of education contribute
  to social integration?
• What are the major functions performed by the
  institution of education?
• Socialization
• Transmission of Culture
• Social Control
• Social Placement
• Skills/Innovation

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Functionalist PerspectiveFunctions of Education

• Socialization
• Continue the socialization process begun by the
  family
• How to interact with peer groups and authority
  figures
• Transmission of Culture
• Core values of a society are passed on
• Integrates/Assimilates generations of students
  with such values
• Social Control
• Teaches values such as discipline, respect,
  obedience, punctuality, and perseverance

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Functionalist Perspective Functions of Education

• Social Placement
• Nurtures talent and achievement
• Meritocracy
• Rewarding based on ability and competence
• Credentialism
• Emphasizes the possession of credentials that
  demonstrate the acquisition of skills
• Qualifications
• Skills and innovation
• Introduction of new programs, research and
  sharing of ideas

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Functionalist Perspective on Education

• Manifest and Latent Functions of Education
• Manifest - socialization, transmission of
  culture, social control, social placement, change
  and innovation
• Latent - reproduction of social inequalities,
  creation of generation gap, a baby-sitter of
  children, pick up where the family fails (i.e.
  sex education?)
• Dysfunctions
• Restricts some activities, limits use of talent
• Possible cultural biases
• Weakening of parental authority
• Is social placement a function or dysfunction?

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Conflict Perspective on Education

• Emphasis on the social placement function of
  education, reproduction of existing class
  relations
• Instead of the educational system providing a
  means for social mobility, the educational system
  maintains the current pattern of inequality
• Point to the fact that Social Class, Gender, and
  Racial backgrounds impact the ability to succeed
  in the educational system
• Unequal funding is a source of inequality in
  education.
• Access to colleges and universities is determined
  not only by academic record but also by the
  ability to pay.

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Conflict Perspective on Education

• Conflict Theorists Ask
• Can a public school system that offers such
  divergence in quality of education really be a
  great equalizer?

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Conflict Perspective on Education

• Hidden Curriculum
• Informal, unwritten norms that schools use to
  keep students in line
• Working Class Students
• Go to schools that stress obedience and
  rudimentary learningPoor resources
• Middle Class Students
• Go to schools that allow students to engage in
  some self-directed learningUp-to-date teaching
  materials and teaching tools
• Upper Class Students
• Typically attend private schools that encourage
  creativity and divergent thinking, plus college
  preparationMost advanced learning environments

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Conflict Perspective on Education

• Tracking
• Grouping children according to an assessment of
  their ability
• High and low tracks
• Gifted and Slow (Resource)
• Tracking can serve a positive function by helping
  to best address student needs
• However it can limit a students potential

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Racial Differences in Educational Attainment
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Symbolic Interactionism on Education

• Focus on the socialization function of education
• Labeling children (such as tracking) can lead to
  a self-fulfilling prophecy where students perform
  according to teacher expectations
• Girls learn to attribute success to effort.
• Boys learn to attribute success to intelligence.
• Mainstreaming
• Integration of poorly labeled children to the
  mainstream school culture so as to avoid
  stigmatizing the child

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Educational Challenges Facing the U.S.

• Multiculturalism
• Brought on by the growing diversity of the
  classroom
• Latinos are expected be the largest minority in
  the classroom
• Currently, Latinos have the highest drop-out rate
  of any group
• What can or should education do to address these
  social facts?
• Multicultural education?
• Teach an appreciation of the contributions made
  by other cultures
• Obstacles to this are what cultures need to be
  recognized more and is emphasis on some cultures
  and not others just another form of racism?

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Educational Challenges Facing the U.S.

• Desegregation of our Nations schools
• Making classroom more heterogeneous
• Bussing has been a common response to desegregate
  the classroom
• Why are less affluent African Americans more
  likely to support bussing?
• Why are more affluent African Americans not a
  supportive as their lower income counter parts?

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Educational Challenges Facing the U.S.
Source U. S. Department of Education, National
Center for Education Statistics. 2001 Digest of
Education Statistics 2001. U.S. Department of
Education. Washington DC Institute for Education
Sciences. Adapted from Table 106, Retrieved from
http//nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id16
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Educational Challenges Facing the U.S.
Source U. S. Department of Education, National
Center for Education Statistics. 2001 Digest of
Education Statistics 2001. U.S. Department of
Education. Washington DC Institute for Education
Sciences. Adapted from Table 106, Retrieved from
http//nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id16
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Where Does the Money Come From? (1999-2000)

• Despite misconceptions, the federal government
  contributes vary little to the funding of public
  schools in comparison
• The District of Columbia receives the greatest
  portion of its budget from federal funds compared
  to the 50 states (20.4)
• New Jersey receives the least of its budget from
  federal funds (3.9)

Source Johnson, Frank. 2002. Statistics in
Brief Revenues and Expenditures for Public
Elementary and Secondary Education School Year
1999-2000.U.S. Department of Education.
Washington DC Institute for Education Sciences.
Adapted from Tables 2,4 and 5, Retrieved from
http//nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/2002367.pdf
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Where Does the Money Go? (1999-2000)

• Per student expenditures (U.S. public
  school/K-12)
• Average of 6,911
• New Jersey is the highest at 10,337
• Arizona is the lowest at 4,999
• The District of Columbia is the only place where
  more than half of its expenditures go to
  something other than instruction

Source Johnson, Frank. 2002. Statistics in
Brief Revenues and Expenditures for Public
Elementary and Secondary Education School Year
1999-2000.U.S. Department of Education.
Washington DC Institute for Education Sciences.
Adapted from Tables 2,4 and 5, Retrieved from
http//nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/2002367.pdf
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Public Elementary and Secondary Teacher Salaries
Measured in 2000-2001 Constant Dollars
Source National Center for Education Statistics.
2001. Digest of Education Statistics 2001. U.S.
Department of Education. Washington DC Institute
of Education Sciences. Adapted from Table 77,
Retrieved from http//nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/digest2
001/tables/PDF/table077.pdf
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Major Problems in Higher Education

• High cost of a college education
• College is becoming a little like buying a
  house those who can afford the investment will
  reap the rewards later.
• Under-representation of minorities as students
  and faculty
• Continuing debate over affirmative action

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A Global View of Education
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Nations with the Lowest Literacy Rates
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What are the Outcomes in Academic Performance?
Average Math and Science Achievement of 8th-Grade
Students, by Nation 1999.
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What are the Outcomes in Academic Performance?
Average Math and Science Achievement of 8th-Grade
Students, by Nation 1999.