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Effects of Seal Oil Supplementation on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Human Subjects

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Title: Effects of Seal Oil Supplementation on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Human Subjects


1
Effects of Seal Oil Supplementation on Risk
Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Human
Subjects
Conference on Seal Oil, Collagen, and Protein
Products June 7-8th, 2004 - DFAIT, Ottawa
Professor Bruce J. Holub Department of Human
Biology and Nutritional Sciences University of
Guelph Guelph, ON Canada N1G 2W1 bholub_at_uoguelph
.ca
2
Fatty Acid Composition of Encapsulated Seal Oil
Fatty Acids Seal
Oil ( of total) SSats
11.9 SMono

58.5 161n-7
16.7 181n-9
25.5 201n-11

11.8 SPUFA
29.6 n-6
3.4 n-3

26.2 205 (EPA)
8.3 225 (DPA)
4.9 226 (DHA)
10.4
3
DPA Docosapentaenoic Acid 225 n-3
4
Rationale for Research/Health Interest in Dietary
Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA, 225n-3) 1.) Is a
substantial component of the Greenland Inuit diet
rich in marine mammals (Bang et al., AJCN,
332657-2661, 1980) and diet of Inuit in
northern Quebec. 2.) Fish oils enriched in
EPA/DHA (low DPA) and seal oils contain EPA/DHA
plus significant levels of DPA. 3.) DPA levels
in serum phospholipid have been inversely
correlated with coronary heart disease risk
(Simon et al., Am. J. Epid., 142469-476,
1995). 4.) Might DPA offer any potential
benefits with respect to CVD/cardioprotection?
5
Principle Meat/Fish Consumed by Selected
Households in Qeqertarsuaq, 1989-1990 (source
field data)
Polar Bear 1
Imported Foods 16
Caribou 7
Beluga/Narwhal 7
Lamb 3
Birds 12
Seal/Walrus 20
Minke Whale 6
Other 4
Fish 24
6
The Fatty Acid Comparisons of Serum Phospholipids
of Postmenopausal Women From Greenland and Canada
Stark KD, Mulvad G, Pedersen HS, Park EJ,
Dewailly E, and Holub BJ. University of Guelph,
Guelph, ON, Canada Center of Primary Health Care,
Nuuk, Greenland Laval University, QC, Canada
7
Comparison of n-3 Fatty Acid Compositions of
Serum Phospholipid in Postmenopausal Women (mean
SEM)

Canada
Greenland


DPA (225n-3)
DHA (226n-3)
EPA (205n-3)
Ref Stark et al., Nutrition, 18 627-630, 2002.
8
Epidemiological/Population Studies 1.) Higher
levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 226 n-3)
and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 225 n-3) in
serum phospholipid have been associated with
decreased coronary heart disease risk. (Simon et
al., Am. J. Epidemiol., 142 469-476, 1995.)
2.) Higher levels of eicosapentaenoic acid
(EPA, 205 n-3) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA,
225 n-3) in platelet phospholipid have been
associated with reduced coronary artery disease
(Hodgson et al., AJCN, 58228-234, 1993).
9
Relative Risk of Acute Coronary Events in
Relation to Serum DHA and DPA Levels
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Relative Risk (RR)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
lt2.38
2.38-2.73
2.74-3.07
3.08-3.58
gt3.58
DHA EPA as of total serum fatty acids
Ref Rissanen et al., Circulation, 102
2677-2679, 2000.
10
Dietary Vegetable Oils As Source of Omega-3
a-Linolenic Acid 183n-3
(Canola, Flaxseed, Soybean)
Desaturation
184n-3
Elongation
204n-3
Desaturation
205n-3
(EPA)
Elongation
225n-3
Dietary Fish/Fish Oil (EPA/DHA)
Desaturation
226n-3
(DHA)
11
Omega-3 Levels in Total Human Platelet
Phospholipid (after flax rich in a-LNA)

150

100
of day 0 levels
50
0
225n-3 DPA
226n-3 DHA
205n-3 EPA
12
Effects of Dietary Consumption of Omega-3 Fatty
Acids on Physiological DPA (225n-3) Status
Dietary Fatty Acids/Oils
DPA Status 1) aLNA (flax, canola) 2) EPA
DHA (fish oils) 3) EPA alone 4) DHA alone 5)
EPA DHA DPA (seal oil)
Based on DPA (225n-3) levels in human
serum/platelet phospholipid.
13
Common Dietary Sources (N. Am.) of DPA (225
n-3) in Cellular Phospholipid 1.) aLNA (183
n-3) via desaturation/elongation (approx.
150mg/day of DPA generated per 1.5g
a-LNA/diet) 2.) EPA (205 n-3) via elongation
(lt50mg/day of DPA generated) 3.) DPA (225n-3)
direct consumption (approx. 18mg/day in N.
Am. and approx. 1,000-3,000 mg/day in Greenland
Inuit) 4.) DHA (226n-3) via retroconversion
(lt50mg/day of DPA generated)
14
Effects of Supplementation with Dietary Seal Oil
on Selected Cardiovascular Risk Factors And
Hemostatic Variables in Healthy Male Subjects
Conquer J, Cheryk L, Chan E, Gentry P, Holub
B. University of Guelph
15
Experimental Design
Subjects 20 healthy males (29.5 1.5
yr) Supplement 20 g/day of encapsulated plant
oil (placebo) or seal oil
(providing 0.8g DPA plus
1.3 g EPA plus 1.7 g
DHA/day) Duration 42 days with blood sampling
and analysis at days 0, 21, and
42.
16
7
DHA

6

EPA

5

4
of fatty acids in serum PL
3
DPA
2


1
0
0 21 42
0 21 42
0 21 42
Day
Day
Day
17

( by 7)
0.8
0.6
Protein C (u/mL)
0.4
0.2
0
Seal Oil
Placebo (Oil)
2.5
( by 19)

2.0
1.5
Fibrinogen (g/L)
1.0
0.5
0
42
0
0
42
Days
18
non-fatal MI
(one SD above mean)
Fatal Ischemic Heart Disease
Relative Risk (IHD/MI)
(one SD above mean) 70 lower
3
6
(EPADHA) as of Fatty Acids in Plasma
Phospholipid
(Ref. Lemaitre et al., Am J Clin Nutr, 77319,
2003)
19
(EPA DHA) Levels and Risk of Fatal Ischemic
Heart Disease
CHD Risk (desirable)
3.47 Before
11.0 After
High
Medium
Low
0.0 3.6
4.6 12
(EPA DHA as of fatty acids in serum
phospholipid)
Ref Based on Lemaitre et al., Am. J. Clin.
Nutr., 77319 (2003).
20
Docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid
incorporated into human platelets after 24 and 72
hours Inhibitory effects on platelet reactivity
L.A. Cheryk, J.A. Conquer, B.J. Holub, P.A.
Gentry University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario,
Canada
Ref Platelet, 10 203-211, 1999.
21
Effect of DPA (225n-3) Addition (at 200 uM) on
Thromboxane B2 Generation and Collagen-Induced
Human Platelet Aggregation
age of
Controls Incubation time TxB2
release Max. Aggregation 24
hours 56
18 72 hours 41
0
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