SLEEP AND DREAMING

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SLEEP AND DREAMING
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SLEEP RESEARCH

• Electroencephalogram EEG - brain wave
  activity
• Electro-oculogram EOG - eye movement activity
• Electromyogram EMG - muscle activity

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WAKING EEG ACTIVITY

• Alpha wave
• synchronous - regular
• 8 - 12 Hz (cps)
• high amplitude, low frequency
• characteristic of relaxed wakefulness

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• Beta wave
• desynchronous - irregular
• 13 - 40 Hz (cps)
• low amplitude, high frequency
• characteristic of behavioral arousal

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SLEEPING EEG ACTIVITYTWO STATES OF SLEEP

• NREM - 4 stages
• Stage 1 - irregular EEG, slow eye movements
• Stage 2 - sleep spindles

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• Stage 3 - high amplitude delta waves appear
• Stage 4 - dominated by delta waves, 1 - 4 Hz

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• NREM sleep also known as
• slow wave sleep - SWS
• quiet sleep - physiological processes slow down

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REM SLEEP

• EEG - irregular beta waves reappear
• REM sleep also known as
• paradoxical sleep
• dream sleep - most vivid dreams occur now

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• and active sleep - physiological processes speed
  up

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• but you are
• PARALYZED

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NREM-REM cycles last about 90 min

• 1st half of night
• NREM REM
• much stage 3 and 4, short REM periods

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• 2nd half of night
• NREM REM
• very little stage 3 and 4, longer REM periods

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STAMP TEST

• Impotence
• Physical or psychological disorder?

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WHY DO WE SLEEP AND WHY DO WE DREAM?

• Two major hypotheses - Sleep is
• a restorative process

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• but what is restored?
• The body?
• NO

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• The brain? Yes
• Sleep deprivation increases SWS, not REM
• Exercise that increases brain temperature
  increases SWS

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• an evolutionary relic-
• formerly adaptive
• response, no longer
• needed, but built in

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Circadian Activity

• endogenous 25 hr cycle entrained to 24 hr day by
  
• suprachiasmatic nucleus

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How much sleep do you need?

• Answer - tremendous variability
• Leonardo da Vinci

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What are the effects of total sleep deprivation?

• Peter Tripp - abnormal behavior
• Randy Gardner - just sleepy

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What are the effects of long sleep periods?

• 14 hours of darkness for 30 days
• Humans sleep like
• chipmunks

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Time in Sleep
0 Time - Hrs 14
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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF DREAMS?

• Dreaming permits each and every one of us to be
  quietly and safely INSANE every night of our
  lives.
• ---- William Dement

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CAN YOU INTERPRETTHISDREAM?
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• I was walking down the steps of the library,
  wearing my nightgown, cradling a bowl of
  raspberry Jell-O in my arms. At the foot of the
  staircase I could see the dim figure of my high
  school algebra teacher. His right arm was
  upraised and he was shouting at me, but I could
  not make out the words.

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• Suddenly, the scene shifted. I was traveling
  through a dense forest. The sun was setting and
  the forest deepened in darkness. I felt afraid.
  An unseen menace seemed to be following, but when
  I glanced back in fear, I saw one. I tried to
  run faster, but my legs would not respond. I was
  powerless to escape.

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• Freud - dreams are windows to the unconscious
  mind, dreams represent wish fulfillment -
  distinguish between manifest (actual) content and
  latent (hidden) content

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• Crick and Mitchinson - dreams erase information,
  we dream to forget

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• Hobson and McCarley - Activation/synthesis
  hypothesis - Dreams have no hidden meaning -
  simply by-products of brain activity

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• Winson - dreams process information into memory
• Echida (spiny anteater) - no REM, large frontal
  lobes

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Do Animals Dream?

• Dogs and cats?

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Do Animals Dream?

• Dogs and cats? Likely

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Do Animals Dream?

• Dogs and cats? Likely
• Dolphins?

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Do Animals Dream?

• Dogs and cats? Likely
• Dolphins? ??????

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Do Animals Dream?

• Dogs and cats? Likely
• Dolphins? ??????
• No REM sleep

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Do Animals Dream?

• Dogs and cats? Likely
• Dolphins? ??????
• No REM sleep
• SWS alternates between hemispheres

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SLEEP DISORDERS
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• Sleep apnea - cannot sleep and breathe at the
  same time - may be related to sudden infant death
  syndrome - SIDS - controversial

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• Narcolepsy - attack of REM sleep,
• often triggered by emotional arousal
• 1 in 5000 people

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Therapies for Narcolepsy

• Stimulant drugs such as amphetamine - adverse
  side effects
• New Drug - Provigil - not yet approved by FDA -
  few side effects - not a stimulant -

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• Sleep walking (somnabulism) and talking -
  genetic component
• Occurs during slow wave sleep

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• Night terrors
• Sudden arousal from slow wave sleep
• Nightmares occur during REM sleep

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Insomnias

• Pseudoinsomnia
• Recurring dreams of insomnia

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Drug-Induced Insomnias

• Barbiturates
• lethal in overdose
• benzodiazepines - Halcion
• comparatively safe in overdose
• lethal in combination with alcohol

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• SLEEPING PILLS
• CAUSE
• INSOMNIA,
• not normal sleep

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Treatments for Insomnia

• Melatonin
• Mild hypnotic effect
• Increases longevity?

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Treatments for Insomnia

• Exposure to bright light during morning hours
• Where do you shine the light?
• Eyes. Where else?
• Behind your knees

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Treatments for Insomnia

• Tryptophan
• Precursor of serotonin, induces normal sleep
• Carbohydrates, not proteins, increase brain
  tryptophan levels

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• Eat graham cracker cookies before bedtime, not a
  glass of warm milk

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Treatments for Insomnia

• Develop good sleep habits

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Two Examples

• Never sleep late on the weekends - always get up
  at the same time
• Use your bed only for sleeping, nothing else!