Review Biochemistry Tutorial

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Review Biochemistry Tutorial

• Enjoy!
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Biochemistry

• Biochemistry is the chemistry of living
  organisms. All living things are organic
  carbon-based
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• There are four types of organic (carbon-based)
  molecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids (fats)
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
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• The four types of organic molecules are
• Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and
  sugars
• Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleotides
• Carbon, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
• Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

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• Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are
  the four types of organic (carbon-based)
  molecules.
• All the organic molecules are polymers,
  meaning that they are large molecules built from
  smaller ones. Each type of organic molecule has a
  specific building block.
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These are the building blocks

• Carbohydrates monosaccharides
• Lipids Fatty acids
• Proteins amino acids
• Nucleic Acids nucleotides
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Which pair of organic (carbon-based) molecule is
paired with the wrong building block

• Carbohydrates monosaccharides
• Nucleic acids amino acids
• Lipids fatty acids
• Proteins amino acids

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• The building block for nucleic acids is actually
  nucleotides. Notice the first 5 letters are the
  same for each.
• Now lets read about each category of organic
  molecules
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Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates come from plants and include
  starches, sugars, and fiber
• Carbs provide quick energy and give structure to
  plants
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Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are polymers of monosaccharides
  (sugars) that form a ring-shaped structure

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What kind of organisms do carbohydrates come from?

• Animals
• The sun
• Plants

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• Plants make carbohydrates though photosynthesis.
• What are the functions of carbohydrates?
• Energy and plant structure
• To change the rate of chemical reaction
• To build muscle

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• Proteins build muscle!

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• Enzymes are proteins that change the rate of
  chemical reactions

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• Carbohydrates provide quick energy, especially
  for athletes before a race or game, and provide
  structure for plants, like the stringy fibers in
  celery and the bark in trees.
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• Monosaccharides are the building block of sugars.
  
• When two monosaccharides are bonded together, a
  disaccharide is formed
• Many monosaccharides bonded together form a
  polysaccharide. Carbs are polysaccharides
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Which of the following is not a carbohydrate?
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• This is a monosaccharide!

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• This is a disaccharide!

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• This is a polysaccharide!

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• Carbohydrates are made of rings. Proteins have
  the N-C-C backbone shown in this picture.
• What is the structure shown here
• A monosaccharide
• A disaccharide
• A polysaccharide

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• Disaccharide means two sugars and this has
  two rings
• Carbs are found in many types of food, mostly in
  fruits, vegetables, and starches (bread, pasta,
  rice)
• Reagents can be used to find out if certain
  carbohydrates are in specific foods
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Testing for Carbohydrates

• Testing for simple sugars Add Benedicts reagent
  (blue) to the food and heat in a water bath. A
  positive test will turn red/orange.
• Testing for starches iodine will turn black when
  added to a food sample that contains starch.
• Foods positive for simple sugar include fruits,
  sweets, milk
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Testing for Carbohydrates

• To test for starch, iodine is added to the food.
  If the reagent changes to black, then starches
  must be present.
• Starchy foods include breads, rice, beans, pasta,
  rice, crackers.
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If you add iodine to a food substance and it
turns black, then the food must contain

• Simple sugars
• Starches
• Protein
• Lipids

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• Iodine is the solution used to test for starches.
• If you add Benedicts solution to a sample and
  heat it, what color will it turn if it contains
  simple sugars?
• Blue
• Black
• Red/orange

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• Benedicts heat red/orange simple sugars
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Lipids

• Lipids include fats oils. Their function is to
  store long-term energy in the body.
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• Fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids.
  A fatty acid is a chain of carbons with hydrogen
  attached to each side.

• Fatty acids that are full of hydrogen are
  saturated these are the unhealthy fats, like
  crisco, butter, and lard
• Fatty acids that are missing at least one
  hydrogen are unsaturated these are kinked,
  and are healthy (oils).
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What is the building block of lipids?

• Monosaccharide
• Amino acids
• Nucleic acids
• Fatty acids

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• Monosaccharides are the building blocks of
  carbohydrates

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• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

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• Nucleic acids are one of the four main types of
  organic molecules (along with lipids, proteins,
  and carbs).

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• Fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids.
• Which type of fatty acid is this?
• A oil
• A saturated fat
• An unsaturated fat

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• Each carbon in a saturated fat is attached to
  two or more hydrogen. These are the unhealthy
  solid fats.
• What is the main function of lipids?
• Long-term energy storage
• Quick energy
• Muscle building

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• Quick energy is the function of Carbohydrates

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• Muscle building is a function of proteins

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• The body stores lipids as fat that can be broken
  down for energy when no sugars are available.
• Which below is not a lipid?

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• Remember that the building block of lipids are
  fatty acids

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• Remember that lipids have carbon backbones with
  hydrogen attached from both sides

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• This is a disaccharide, which is a
  carbohydrate.
• Now we are going to move on to proteins!
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Protein

• Muscle, enzymes
• Made from amino acid chains
• Found in meat, beans, dairy
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Building Blocks of Protein

• Proteins are made from amino acids
• There are 20 possible amino acids
• The amino acids in a protein are joined together
  by peptide bonds
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What is the building block of protein?

• Monosaccharide
• Fatty acids
• Amino acids
• Nucleotides

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• Monosaccharides are the building block of
  carbohydrates

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• Fatty acids are the building block of lipids

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• Nucleotides are the building block of nucleic
  acids

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• The building blocks are proteins are amino
  acids
• Where can you find protein?
• Meat, beans and dairy
• Enzymes
• Tissues and muscles
• All of the above

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• You are not wrong, but you can do better!

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• Foods with proteins are meat, beans, and
  dairy. Proteins are also found in your body in
  the muscles and tissues, and in enzymes.
• Enzymes are important because they help
  chemical reactions to happen faster. Without
  enzymes, not much would get done in your body.
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How many different amino acids are there?

• Three
• Four
• Twenty

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• There are 20 different amino acids. The type
  and order of amino acids determine the shape of
  the protein. The shape of the protein determines
  its function (what it does).
• What would happen if a protein was made with the
  wrong amino acids?
• Its shape would be wrong
• It wouldnt be able to function correctly
• Both 1 and 2 are true

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• This isnt the whole answer

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• The amino acid sequence is responsible for the
  shape and function of the protein.
• Here are a couple of amino acids
• To recognize an amino acid chain, look for the
  N-C-C in its backbone.
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Which picture below shows a protein?
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• This is a lipid

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• The N-C-C backbone gives it away.
• What type of bond joins these amino acids
  together to make a protein?
• Peptide bonds
• Hydrolytic bonds
• Decompensation bonds
• Protein bonds

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• Peptide bonds join the amino acids together to
  make a protein.
• We can test for proteins in foods by adding
  Biuret solution to a substance. If the reagent
  turns purple, then protein must be present.
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• Benedicts heat turns red/orange means
  that
• Simple sugars are present
• Proteins are present
• Starches are present
• Lipids are present

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• Biurets indicates the presence of protein

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• Lipids are determined by the paper test!

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• Iodine is used to find out if a food has starch

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• If Benedicts solution is mixed with a substance
  that contains simple sugars, it will turn
  reddish-orange when heated
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How can you determine if a food contains protein?

• Add Biuret and look for a color change to black
• Add Benedicts and look for a color change to
  purple
• Add Biurets and heat and look for a color change
  to black
• Add Biurets and look for a change to purple

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• Biurets turns purple in the presence of
  proteins, like in meats, dairy, and beans.
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Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, which provide
  instructions for making proteins
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The building blocks of nucleic acids are
Nucleotides

• A nucleotide has three parts
• A sugar
• A phosphate group
• A nitrogen base

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The Bases

• In DNA, the sugar and phosphate are always the
  same, but there are four types of nitrogen bases
  
• A, G, C, and T.
• RNA also has four different bases
• A, G, C, and U
• Notice that DNA and RNA have 3 bases in common.
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What is the building block of nucleic acids?

• Monosaccharide
• Fatty acids
• Amino acids
• Nucleotides

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• Monosaccharides are the building block of
  carbohydrates

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• Fatty acids are the building block of lipids

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• Amino acids are the building block of proteins

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• Nucleotides are the building block of nucleic
  acids.
• Which is not one of the three parts of a
  nucleotide?
• Fatty acid
• Sugar
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen base

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• A nucleotide is a sugar, a phosphate, and a
  nitrogen base.

• DNA is called a double helix because it looks
  like a twisted ladder. The rails of the ladder
  are made of alternating sugars and phosphates.
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The Double Helix of DNA

• The rungs of the DNA ladder are made of the
  nitrogen bases, one from each side. The bases
  hold the two strands together.
• Notice how A always pairs with T, and C always
  pairs with G.
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What are the rails in DNA made from?

• Nucleotides
• Amino acids
• Sugars and phosphates
• Sugars and bases

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• The rails are made of sugar and phosphate.
• What are the rungs made of?
• Two nitrogen bases, one from each side
• One nitrogen base that joins to each side
• Two phosphates, one from each side
• One sugar that joins to each side

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• The rungs are made of two bases, one from each
  side. The bases bond to join the rails together.
  A always bonds with T, and C always bonds
  with G.
• What is the function of DNA?
• It makes RNA
• It carries genetic information
• It is found in muscles and tissues

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• DNA carries information for making proteins in
  the body.
• RNA is a copy of DNA, and it also carries
  information. It carries the same information that
  is in the DNA that it has copied.
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The Single Helix of RNA

• RNA is is smaller than DNA because it only has
  one strand. The strand has a rail of sugar and
  phosphate, and ½ a rung made of one nitrogen
  base.
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How is RNA different from DNA?

• It is a copy of DNA
• It has only one strand
• It has a U instead of a T for a nitrogen base
• All are correct

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• You didnt tell the whole story

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• You are done!!!!
• Great Job!!!!!!
• If you have any questions, go ask Mrs. Brown.

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What kind of molecules are these?
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Testing for Carbohydrates

• To test for starch, iodine reagent is added to
  the food. If the iodine turns black, then starch
  must be present.
• Starches include such foods as potatoes, rice,
  pasta, and bread.
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If you add iodine to a food substance and the
iodine turns black, the food must contain

• Simple sugars
• Starches
• Lipids
• Proteins

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