3. History: Egypt From Dynasty 1 to Dynasty 17 (3100-1552 BCE) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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3. History: Egypt From Dynasty 1 to Dynasty 17 (3100-1552 BCE)

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Geography: 'Egypt consists of a long valley never more than a few miles wide ... Egypt occupying the Delta. ... brought no immediate change in Egypt's fortunes. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: 3. History: Egypt From Dynasty 1 to Dynasty 17 (3100-1552 BCE)


1
3. History Egypt From Dynasty 1 to Dynasty
17(3100-1552 BCE)
  • BOT612 Old Testament Backgrounds

2
Environment
  • Geography "Egypt consists of a long valley never
    more than a few miles wide which the Nile
    traverses slowly from south to north over five
    hundred miles from the first cataract to Memphis.
    Here near the old capital, approximately where
    Cairo is located today, the Nile branches forming
    the fertile Delta which expands into a vast plain
    as it nears the Mediterranean. Topographically,
    Egypt is divided into two parts the long and
    narrow Upper Egypt, limited on the east and west
    by mountains bordering on the desert, and the
    flat Lower

3
Environment
  • Egypt occupying the Delta. This dualism imposed
    by geography deeply influenced Egyptian history,
    and is reflected in the native designation for
    Egypt tawy, which means "the two lands."
    Schwantes, A Short History of the Ancient Near
    East, 51
  • Nile "The rains in the highlands of Abyssinia
    and central Africa feed the White and Blue Niles
    and their tributaries, causing the Nile in Egypt
    to rise in the summer and crest in September and
    October." Hallo Simpson, The Ancient Near
    East A History, 187

4
Chronology
  • "The basic framework for the study of Egyptian
    history is the system of dividing its long span
    into thirty dynasties, or periods, to which a
    thirty-first was added. The original division is
    the work of an Egyptian priest named Manetho, who
    wrote in the early third century B.C., after the
    conquest by Alexander the Great. Manetho, wishing
    to stress to his royal patron the antiquity of
    Egypt, came at an opportune time. Of his history
    only garbled excerpts and a garbled summary
    remain." Hallo Simpson, The Ancient Near East
    A History, 191-2

5
Chronology
  • "A more general and meaningful patter is that to
    major ears and intermediate periods the Early
    Dynastic Period (Dyns. 1 and 2) the Old Kingdom
    or Pyramid Age (Dyns. 4 through 8) the First
    Intermediate Period (Dyns. 9 and 10, and
    preconquest Dyn. 11) the Middle Kingdom Period
    (postconquest Dyn. 11 and Dyns. 12 and 13) the
    Second Intermediate Period (Dyns. 14 through 17)
    the New Kingdom or Empire Period (Dyns. 18
    through 20, of which Dyns. 19 and 20 are
    designated as the Ramesside Period) the Third
    Intermediate Period (Dyns 21 through 25) the
    Saite Period (Dyns. 26) and the Late Dynastic
    Period (Dyns. 27 through 31)." Hallo Simpson,
    The Ancient Near East A History, 192

6
Early Dynastic Period Dyns. 1 2
  • "The two primary developments during the Early
    Dynastic (ED) period were the country-wide
    articulation and acceptance of the ideology of
    the divine monarchy and the development of an
    administrative hierarchy that effectuated the
    kings wishes. The kings verbal command (hu)
    gave form to his divine perceptions (sia), always
    within the constraints of maat." Kadish,
    "Egypt, History of (Early Dynastic-1st
    Intermediate Period)," ABD CD-Rom edition

7
Early Dynastic Period Dyns. 1 2
  • "During the last centuries of the 4th millennium,
    a long-term process of political and cultural
    coalescence resulted in an Egyptian state
    encompassing much of the Nile Delta (Lower Egypt)
    and the valley proper, almost as far S as Aswan
    (Upper Egypt). Later Egyptian tradition, however,
    held that an Upper Egyptian ruler named Meni (Gk
    Menes) had conquered Lower Egypt. This
    unification became for the Egyptians not only the
    beginning point of their history, but an enduring
    emblem of the congruence of the social and
    political order with the cosmic (Eg maat),
    embodied in the divine monarch. Menesperhaps the
    King Narmer whose palette appears to lay claim to
    sovereignty

8
Early Dynastic Period Dyns. 1 2
  • over both parts of the countrystood as the
    founder and first ruler of a unified Egypt. A new
    administrative center, later Memphis, was
    attributed to him." Kadish, "Egypt, History of
    (Early Dynastic-1st Intermediate Period)," ABD
    CD-Rom edition

9
Dynasty 1
  • "The kings of the united Kingdom during the first
    dynasty are best known through their Horus names,
    whereby they are identified as the incarnation of
    the falcon god, Horus. The name, written in a
    rectangle representing the façade of a building,
    palace, or temple, is surmounted by a falcon. The
    Horus names of rulers in the first dynasty are
    Rosett-Scorpion, Narmer, Aha, Djer, Djet,
    Anedjib,Semerkhet, and Qa." Hallo Simpson, The
    Ancient Near East A History, 201-2

10
Dynasty 1
  • "A major factor in establishing political power
    was evidently the organizational ability to
    distribute irrigation waters." Hallo Simpson,
    The Ancient Near East A History, 209

11
Dynasty 1 Narmer
12
Dynasty 1 Narmer
13
Dynasty 2
  • "The great tombs of the nobles at North Sakkara
    end abruptly after the reign of Qa, although
    there are later tombs of Dyn. 2 to the west. It
    appears that some of the Dyn. 1 tombs were
    thoroughly plundered, then set on fire. No royal
    tombs or funerary palaces at Abydos can be
    assigned to the first half of Dyn. 2."

14
Dynasty 2
  • "There seems to be a new emphasis on the sun god
    Re. without a diminishment of the dynastic god
    Horus. Later in the dynasty there will be an
    emphasis on the brother-uncle of Horus, the god
    Seth."

15
Old Kingdom Dyns. 3 - 8
  • "The chief index of royal power in the Old
    Kingdom (OK Dyn. 38 ca. 27002130 b.c.) was
    the kings ability to command and organize the
    countrys human and material resources. The most
    visible manifestation of his godhead and
    authority was monumental architecture. Little
    remains of the royal temples for the cults of the
    various divinities (notably Ptah of Memphis and
    Re of Heliopolis), but not so with the massive
    monuments devoted to the burials and funerary
    cults of the kings (Edwards 1985)." Kadish

16
Old Kingdom Dyns. 3 - 8
  • "The core of the Old Kingdom, Dyns. 4 through 6
    (2613-2181), was an age in which Egypt became the
    major civilization of the world, rivaled only by
    Sargon's kingdom of Akkad on the Tigris and
    Euphrates. For some 432 years, a long span for a
    period of prosperity, Egypt was essentially
    isolated on the international scene, although
    trade connections were maintained." Hallo
    Simpson

17
Old Kingdom Dyns. 3 - 8
  • Major Figures
  • King Djoser (Zoser) First King of 3rd Dyn.
    which lasted a total of about 55 years.
  • The architect Imhotep . . . . Considered a
    saint and patron of the scribes, while the Greeks
    identified him with Asklepios, the god of
    medicine.
  • King Snefru 4th Dyn. 3 pyramids.
  • King Khufu (Cheops) largest pyramid at Giza

18
Old Kingdom Dyns. 3 - 8
  • Chefren, a son of Cheops built the second largest
    pyramid.
  • Pepi II of the 7th Dyn. was said to rule 90 years
    (?), either way the his rule is painted as very
    old and inactive in whom the political order
    broke down.
  • Pyramids see
  • Archimedia I Architecture in the Ancient Near
    East (CD Rom Volume 1)
  • Egypt (CD Rom Volume 1)

19
Old Kingdom Dyns. 3 - 8
  • Religion
  • "Pyramid Texts portray the pharaohs of the
    heydays of the OK as departing to heaven where
    they resume their divine life."
  • Human Animal forms "So the sky-godess Nut is
    depicted both as a woman and as a cow, and the
    sun-god Horus is represented both by a falcon and
    by a falcon-headed man wearing the sun disk as a
    crown. Among the minor deities represented in
    purely animal form are the following Sobek as a
    crocodile Thot of Hermopolis, the god of wisdom,
    as an ibis Khnum in the form of a ram the bad
    god Seth as a griffin."

20
Old Kingdom Dyns. 3 - 8
  • Heliopolis developed the sun-god Re as the head
    and represented it as the solar disk. Re is at
    times associated with the local deity Atum as
    Re-Atum. . . . Pharaoh was considered the son of
    Re. (fifth name)
  • Heliopolis develop the "Great Ennead" the nine
    gods in their pantheon.
  • Memphis places Ptah as the head of the "ennead."
  • Dominate preoccupation with the after-life.

21
First Intermediate Period
  • Dynasties 9-10 and preconquest 11 (2180-2040)
  • "While it suited the propaganda of the early 12th
    Dyn. kings to portray the 1st Intermediate period
    as an age of anarchy during which the lack of a
    strong central government allowed the release of
    disruptive social forces, it is more likely that
    after the confusion of the largely ephemeral
    Dyns. 7 and 8a mere 25 years at mostgeneralized
    disorder was episodic rather than typical. The
    emergence of such regional power centers as
    Herakleopolis (Dyns. 910) near the Fayum

22
First Intermediate Period
  • and Thebes in Upper Egypt (Dyn. 11) yielded
    considerable stability. Territorial conflicts or
    attempts to unify the country were the principal
    causes of conflict. The local officials dealt
    with the problems of food supply, legal affairs,
    and the suppression of criminal behavior."

23
First Intermediate Period
  • Literature of the Period
  • Lamentation of Ipur-wer
  • Teaching for King Merikare
  • Eloquent Pleasant
  • Dialogue of a man and his soul
  • Song of the Harper
  • Religious Development
  • The cult of Osiris, the god of the dead becomes
    popular - Judgment
  • Coffin Texts (Pyramid Texts)

24
Middle Kingdom
  • Dyns. 11-13 (2040-1730 BCE)
  • "Dyn. 11 began soon after the end of Dyn. 8 and
    particularly in its second part, was
    contemporaneous with Dyns. 9 and 10."
  • "With his victory over the northern
    Heracleopolitan kingdom (ca. 2040 b.c.), the
    Theban Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II brought about the
    end of the civil war that raged during the First
    Intermediate Period. This victory inaugurated the
    period known as the Middle Kingdom (MK) by
    establishing the 11th Dyn. with Mentuhotep as
    sole ruler of Egypt."

25
Middle Kingdom
  • "Dyn. 11 ends with Nebhepetre's two successors,
    Sankhkare Mentuhotpe (twelve years) and Nebtowyre
    Mentuhotpe (two years)."
  • "At the beginning of the second millennium, about
    1991 BC, the kingship of Upper and Lower Egypt
    was assumed by Amunemhet I, the founder of Dyn.
    12."
  • Moved to Itj-towy rather than Thebes
  • Reorgainized the nomes
  • Established the pattern of coregency

26
Middle Kingdom
  • Changes overall in the Middle Kingdom
  • "The nature of the kingship itself changed. . . .
    The inaccessible god-king of the Old Kingdom
    became the good shepherd or herdsman of his
    people by the time the Middle Kingdom."
  • "Egypt's relations with her neighbors also
    changed during this period of restoration. She
    exploited the trade to the south for African
    products, and Nubia itself for gold, copper,
    semi-precious stones, and quarries. At strategic
    points, primarily just south of the second
    cataract in the present Republic of the Sudan,
    the kings built fortresses to control the
    movement of the Nubians, and northern Nubia was
    effectively subjugated."

27
Middle Kingdom
  • "By the reign of Sesostris III (1878-1843 BC),
    when Nubia was firmly under Egyptian control,
    Palestine and Syria had definitely come under
    Egyptian influence. . . . That there was friction
    is evidence by references in the execration
    texts, particularly to the city-states of
    southern Palestine, and, for the first time the
    names Jerusalem, Askalon, and Shechem appear in
    written texts."

28
Middle Kingdom
  • "The end of the 12th Dyn. brought no immediate
    change in Egypts fortunes. Although the
    succeeding period is obscured by a lack of
    sources, it seems clear that the 13th Dyn. (ca.
    17861633 b.c.) originally ruled from the
    Memphite area. Many of its kings ruled only
    briefly and may have been under the influence of
    a few powerful viziers, but the principle of a
    single central government continued to be
    respected for a time. The last kings of the 13th
    Dyn., however, lost control of Lower Egypt and
    probably retreated upriver to Thebes, where a new
    capital was established."

29
Second Intermediate Period
  • Dyns. 13-17 (1730-1550)
  • ". . . Egypt was splintered the western Delta a
    sort of secessionist state at Xois (Dyn. 14), the
    eastern Delta in the hands of the Hyksos (Dyn.
    15) and lesser Asiatic dynasts (Dyn. 16), and the
    traditional "legal" kingship first in the north
    at Itj-towy (Dyn. 13) and later restricted to
    Thebes (Dyn. 17). In addition, Nubian rulers
    seized this opportunity to become independent and
    to conduct their own dealings with all or most of
    the Egyptian powers."

30
Hyksos
  • Hyksos "rulers of foreign lands" "vile"
  • "The penetration of the Hurrians into northern
    Mesopotamia during the first half of the second
    millennium seems to have set into motion older
    populations which occupied Syria and Palestine. .
    . . Entered Egypt first peacefully, and later in
    full force, with the help of superior war
    equipment including the horse-drawn chariot."
  • Capital was Avaris
  • "The liberation of Egypt under kings Kamose and
    Ahmose ushered in a new era, the New Kingdom."
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