Title: Part II: Building Block for Analysis
1Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chap. 3 Power
- Chap. 4 International Systems
- Chap. 5 Foreign Policy Analysis
- Chap. 6 International Conflict
- Chap. 7 International Cooperation
2Chap. 3 Power (Outline)
- Power Resources What is Important and What Is
Not?
- Thinking about Power
- Case Study Restoring Democracy in Haiti
- Fallacies
- Power A Multidimensional Concept
3Chap. 3 Power (Outline, cont.)
- The Political-Military State Historically
Dominant
- Geography
- Population
- Military Power
- Natural Recourses
- Economic Wealth
- National Will
4Chap. 3 Power
- Power. The authors define power as The
ability to influence and determine the actions of
others. It can be viewed as a resource one
possess, a relationship, or a means to an end
(p. 69). - Alternatively, the use of tangible and
intangible resources to influence global politics
and/or political actors. Note, this definition
may prove more useful as we consider the sources
of power.
5Chap. 3 Power
- Continued.
- Case Study Restoring Democracy in Haiti.
Point The worlds most powerful nation flailed
about attempting to influence Haitian power
elite, arguably the weakest nation state in the
Western hemisphere. Ultimately, a combination of
diplomacy and threat of use of power influenced
Haitian politics. This case used to illustrate
certain fallacies of power.
6Chap. 3 Power
- Continued.
- Fallacies
- Tendency to treat power as currency of politics.
The reality is that money is fungible, whereas
power is not. Power has an instrumental nature.
Continuum of influence - Persuasion Military Force
- ?------------------------------------------------
----?
- Influence
7Chap. 3 Power
- Continued.
- Fallacies
- ii. The most powerful (or seemingly so) do not
always influence global politics as desired. (US
in Viet Nam USSR in Afghanistan, . . . .)
8Chap. 3 Power
- Continued. The nature of Power.
- Power A Multidimensional Concept
- Power is a set of resourcestangible and
intangible
- Power is a means toward an end
- Power is a set of political relationships,
cooperative and conflictual
- Global actors (principally states) must
differentiate between simply acquiring more power
and acquiring different typesresources,
indicatorsof power
9Chap. 3 Power
- Power Resources What is important and what is
not?
- Supplemental. Sources of Powerthree principal
categories Natural, Socio-psychological,
Synthetic.
10Chap. 3 Power
- Power Resources What is important and what is
not? Supplemental to IPiACW.
- Natural geography, population, natural
resources complex relationship to whether one
can exert influence. Note only natural
resources is directly indicative of more power
both geographynumber of borders w/ potential
adversariesand populationmobilized vs.
immobilizedcan indicate power or lack thereof.
11Chap. 3 Power
- Power Resources What is important and what is
not? Supplemental to IPiACW.
- Socio-psychological public will, regime type,
public perceptions (of self and potential
adversary), leadership, . . . The authors
sub-sequently call this soft power. - Synthetic military-industrial infrastructure
global-export infrastructure competitiveness
technology (pp. 85, 87 respectively).
12Chap. 3 Power
- The Political-Military State Historically
Dominant
- See Documenting History Global Demographic
Trends, excerpts from Central Intelligence
Agency, Long-Term Demographic Trends, July 2001.
(p. 77.)
13Chap. 3 Power
- The Trading State The Contemporary Challenger
- Competitiveness
- Technology
- Political Capacity
- Power as A Means to An End
- Hard Power vs. Soft Power
- A Continuum of Choices
- Ethics and the Exercise of Power
14Chap. 3 Power
- Power as A Means to An End
- Ethics and the Exercise of Power (p. 91).
- Questions of goals and timeframe authors
discuss Neo-Realist vs. Neo-Liberal view. The
former posits the States survival preeminent
thus short-term goals and national security
dominate. While latter suggest individual and/or
larger collectives thereof preeminent. - Values that should (normative) be promoted.
- Nonuse of power. During Cold War nonuse
infrequently seen as issue of ethics. In post CW
world nonuse is becoming frequent debate topic.
15Chap. 3 Power
- Power Relationships
- Conflictual Cold War model
- Cooperative becoming an issue in post Cold War
- Conclusion
- Next Slide . . .
16Chap. 3 Power
- Conclusion
- Power is clearly multidimensional concept but
also problematicno common definition. Authors
briefly highlight approaches from previous
chapter to illustrate. - Realist power largely a military concept
states seek power because its rational to do so
- Neo Liberals (Idealists) decreasing efficacy of
military-only power. Economic and other types of
power as relevant if not more so. Power is not
the possession of state-only actors.
17Chap. 3 Power
- Conclusion
- Power is clearly multidimensional concept but
also problematicno common definition. Authors
briefly highlight approaches from previous
chapter to illustrate. - Dependency power principally an economic
concept related to asymmetrical (exploitive)
economic relationships
- Feminists power historically gender-oriented/dis
torted. Classic Public/Private dichotomy
illustrative.
18Chap. 3 Power
- Conclusion
- Traditionalists power important concept but
problematic to measure. Power elites intuitively
measure it.
- Behavioralists power may be measured
objectively. Its a matter of careful definition
of concepts and finding appropriate indicators.
19Supplemental Boltons Ordinal Matrix
Military preparedness
Military infra.
Industrial base
Geography
Leadership
Regime type
Public will
Population
Resources
20Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chap. 3 Power concluded
- Chap. 4 International Systems next
21Chap. 4 International Systems
- Introduction. The notion of international
systems is metaphorical, albeit a commonly used
one in international politics. During the Cold
War, for instance, analysts and policymakers
frequently used the metaphor to explain state
behaviorparticularly of the superpower but of
their allies and other states as well. Why did
the US invade the Dominican Republic in 1965?
Why did the USSR invade Czechoslovakia, 1968?
(Spheres of influence or prevent redistribution
of power, stability. Similarly, why did the
USSR attempt to sneak ICBMs onto Cuba?
Calculated risk to redress a perceived
disequilibrium!) During the CW, as we shall see,
and as we have already briefly discussed, the
systems was characterized as bipolar. (Tight
bipolarity, loose bipolarity, incipient
multi-polarity. However, prior to the Cold War
an array of regional systems existed which too
were the focus of attention for analysts.
Regional balance of power between India and
Pakistan historic balance of power in Europe in
which U.K played a unique balancer role. 5th
Century BCE wherein both Sparta and Athens vs.
Persia then themselves city-states vs. empire
balance of power system city state balance of
power system. In lieu of the CW once again the
topic has returned. Analysts want to know how
best to characterize the current, post-CW balance
of power. Why? Not just for the sake of it but
because it is believed, variously, the bipolar
balances are more stable and that multi-polar
balances are more stable researches test
hypotheses about them and a debate continues . .
. .
22Chap. 4 International Systems
- Competing Visions of the Contemporary Intl
System
- Zones of Peace Prosperity vs. Zones of War
Despair characterizes the current intl system as
a series of relatively self-contained zones.
- Zones of Peace and Prosperity consist of
democratic polities, prosperous economically
(mostly capitalistic), industrialized, access to
technology. Their social orders more or less
accepting of universal norms regarding human
rights and even environmental. While conflict
may arise it is far less likely to be settled by
peaceful rather than military means (at least
intra-zone conflict. - Zones of War and Despair are characterized by
states with varying conceptions of governance,
lack of shared norms, ad hoc political, economic
and social systems. These zones tend to be
resource pooror if they have resources they are
not yet harnessed, meaning they may have the
potential power to change their situation but
have thus far failed to do so. The lack of
common norms means a survival of the fittest
approach to environmental, social, and economic
issues. They have problems with corruption and
in terms of economic and political development.
23Chap. 4 International Systems
- II. Competing Visions of the Contemporary Intl
System
- Return to the Future is the phrase our authors
use to describe a pre-CW, Eurocentric,
multi-polar balance of power. These are systems
that are relatively affluent in which the units
more or less share responsibility for harmony and
for mitigating problems in the non-affluent areas
of the world. This small number of affluent
units also maintain the balance of power by
shifting alliances at the topi.e., powerful
states within the system place a priority on
maintaining stability and peace over the own
unique best interests (U.K. in 1800s).
24Chap. 4 International Systems
- Competing Visions of the Contemporary Intl
System
- C. Clash of Civilizations (S. Huntington) is a
view of the world as divided along lines of
civilizations, not necessarily nation-states.
(See Map 4.1, next slide.)
25Chap. 4 International Systems
26Chap. 4 International Systems
- II. Competing Visions of the Contemporary Intl
System
- C. Clash of Civilizations Thesis is relatively
controversial. Although, in my view much of it
is semantics. It is criticized for
oversimplifying what constitutes a civilization
clashes arent necessarily the norm between
civilizations similarly, ignoring the extent to
which states control civilizations rather than
the reverse is common.
27Chap. 4 International Systems
- II. Competing Visions of the Contemporary Intl
System
- D. Global Village. This metaphor has existed for
centuries and owes its existence to
Neoliberalism. Indeed earlier incarnations
included the belief that air travel would lead to
a more peaceful world because persons would get
to know others and their cultures rather than
fear them. In any case modern communications
and technology and modern travel are thought to
be positive influences in intl politics. This
is somewhat predicated of a diminution if
nationalism, etc.
28Chap. 4 International Systems
- The Concept of System
- International Systems Overview
- Ordering Principles
- The Character of Units
- States
- IGOs
- MNCs
- NGOs (Transnationalism or authors Transnational
Activist Groups, TAGs)
- Terrorist other groups
- Individuals
29Chap. 4 International Systems
- Distribution of Capabilities
- International Military Systems
- Bi- Multi-Polarity
- National Intelligence Estimate (pp. 120-21).
- Unipolarity
- International Economic Systems
- Imperialism
- Interdependence
30Chap. 4 International Systems
- International and Global Security. There is not
much in said section that I find worth
discussing. Conclusion. International System is
a widely used metaphor and a widely accepted as a
level-focus of analysis. Unfortunately, scores
of analysts disagree on how to define it
precisely, as well as how much weight to give it
in a particular analysis. - Conclusion
31Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter V Foreign Policy Analysis (pp.
133-156).
- See Bolton, pp. 1-14.
32Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter V Foreign Policy Analysis
- Intro Foreign policy is a course of action
designed to realize national goals through
interactions with states and other actors outside
ones borders (p. 133). Alternately, U.S.
foreign policy is the goals/ objectives US
decisionmakers seek to attain abroad, the values
that underlie said goals, and the instruments
used to achieve them. Discuss continuity vs.
change.
33Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter V Foreign Policy Analysis
- Case Study N. Korea and the Bomb? Yong Byon
reactor, 1984 N. Korea signs NPT, 1984 N. Korea
signs additional protocol (IAEA) in 1992 IAEA
presents N. Korea w/ 1-month ultimatum to allow
inspections N. Korea withdraws from IAEA and
following year (1994) refuses inspectors access
CIA announces N. Korea has enough plutonium to
make couple of nukes, 1999, and subsequently
identifies same as exporter of missile
technology . . . Why?
34Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter V Foreign Policy Analysis
- Foreign Policy What Is It?
- Sense of Purpose and Place
- Sense of Threat
- The authors discuss threat type as a function of
regime-type typology moderate regimes
pragmatic regimes, militant regimes radical
regimes. (Ideal Types). Alternatively, one may
conceptualize sense of purpose ethos, mythology,
general goals sense of threat opportunity
?-----------------? high threat. Hence,
alternative definition more useful. Also, as
will be seen authors cobble on instruments under
Statecraft below.
35Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter V Foreign Policy Analysis
- Foreign Policy Goals The National Interest
- The National Interest as a Guide to Action
- The Lippman Gap The gap between the power a
state needs to realize goals and the actual power
it possess. Note thus far only states are
actors! Next section clumsily disaggregates
state into decisionmakers. Again alternative
definition more efficacious.
36Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter V Foreign Policy Analysis
- Foreign Policy Decisions How Are They Made?
- Rational actor model
- Bureaucratic model
- Small-group decisionmaking model
- Societal model
- Elites
- CNN. Media, special-interest groups SIGs
- Policy Maker and Analytic Perspective
37Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter V Foreign Policy Analysis
- Foreign Policy Decisions How Are They Made?
- Rational actor model
- Bureaucratic model
- Small-group decisionmaking model
- Societal
- Policy Maker and Analytic Perspective
38Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter V Foreign Policy Analysis Foreign
- Policy Decisions How Are They Made?
- Rational Actor Model
- Bureaucratic Politics Model
- Small-Group Decisionmaking Model
- Societal Model
- Statecraft The Instruments of Foreign Policy
39Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter V Foreign Policy Analysis Foreign
- Statecraft The Instruments of Foreign Policy
- Instruments of foreign policy
- Diplomacy
- Military power
- War-fighting capability (recall Lippman gap)
- Deterrence define
- Compellence define
- Economic power free trade mercantilism
embargo etc.
- Covert actions clandestine
- Public diplomacy (propaganda)
40Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter V Foreign Policy Analysis Foreign
- Conclusion
- Interesting section on James Rosenaus Pre
Theories framework. Discuss see Table 5.1, p.
153. Note we discussed this earlier in section
I, (Chapter I). Re-Discuss? - Bolton, pp. 1-14.
41Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chap. 3 Power
- Chap. 4 International Systems
- Chap. 5 Foreign Policy Analysis
- Chap. 6 International Conflict
- Chap. 7 International Cooperation
42Part II Building Block for Analysis
Feedback
Process
YUSFP
X-external-systemic inputs, X-societal inputs,
X-Governmental inputs, X-Role inputs,
X-individual inputs.
43Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VI International Conflict
- Counting Wars The authors make the point that
counting warsor quantifying them in any way
making them amenable to scientific studyis
problematic. Why? Analysts, scholars,
policymakers do not agree on what constitutes a
war. They mention Levy, COW (Singer/Small)
etc. Further, they ask a series of questions
about the defining characteristics of wars in
order to illustrate the problems - Must there be an official declaration?
- Is there a requisite length of time?
- Is there a requisite level of violence?
(deaths?)
- When is a war over?
- Is there a life cycle? ignore
44Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VI International Conflict
- Classifying Wars
- International Wars great power wars vs.
hegemonic wars, the latter of which is smaller
subset in which the stakes are the establishment
of a new hegemonic order. - Crises defined systemically (Williams, Betts)
I prefer decisionmaking definition
- Civil War we all know intuitively but rarely is
a civil war free from outside influence
(Americas wars of independence colonial wars of
liberation most unconventional or guerilla wars)
Mao Zedong - Terrorism narco-, super-, cyber- ,etc.
- Why States Go to War
- Case Study India Pakistan discuss case study
(pp. 170-172).
45Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VI International Conflict
- Intl System Level Causes of War
- Security Dilemma one states defensive
actions perforce seen by another as offensive
action.
- Structure of Intl System redux
- Power Transitions power vacuum into which states
fill void
- War Cycles rise and demise of hegemonic
powersRomans, Portuguese, UK, US
- State-Level Causes of War
- Types of Government democracies vs. autocracies
- Nationalism separatism, irredentism, discuss
theorys diminution since 9/11
- Internal Violence spillover
- Economic Systems dependency theory, world
systems theory, Marxism
- Relative Deprivations
- Individual-Level Causes of War
- Calculated Benefits ratl choice
- Human Nature atavism, humans marking territory .
. . (Konrad Lorenz)
- Personality great-person thesis discuss/ read
key passage from Stoessinger)
- Misperceptions human and technical
46Terrorism Modern Mutations
47Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VI International Conflict
- Ending Wars Fights, Games, and Debates see
figure 6.3, next slide game theory
48Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VI International Conflict
49Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VI International Conflict
- Conclusions authors slip out by saying no
general theory multi-causal need for bridges
between islands of theory.
50Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VII International Cooperation
- Introduction. The authors note that in contrast
to conflict, international cooperation has
received relatively little academic or
policymaking attention. They attribute the lack
of attention to the dominance of Realism-Neo
Realism in academic and policymaking circles. I
would suggest, only slightly different emphasis,
the fact that the Cold War dominated the past
fifty years of both scholarship and
policymaking. In any event, Neoliberalism, and
its various focuses on paths toward cooperation
between members of the international system, has
clearly suffered. Those attempts, furthermore,
have been piecemeal and ad hoc, what one scholar
has called islands of theory. The authors begin
with the case of E. Timor as a case example.
51Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VII International Cooperation
- II. East Timorrelevant facts. Indonesia invaded
E. Timor in 1975, claiming sovereignty over the
former Portuguese colony and its mostly Catholic
indigenous population. President Suharto, who
came to power in a coup detat in the 1960s, was
then the dictator of Indonesia with a powerful
military. During the 1960s-1980s the US
supported the anti-Communist Suhartoincluding
military aid of various sortsand complained very
little about his military subjugation of E.
Timor. Ever since the invasion of 1975, there
had been low-grade civil war with indigenous
peoples of Timor fighting Indonesian subjugation.
Internal turmoil in Indonesia (about corruption,
lack of democracy, etc.) resulted in Suharto
stepping down in 1998, and the enfeebled
President Habibie as a caretaker regime. In
1999 Habibie announced that a referendum would be
held in E. Timor on independence.
52Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VII International Cooperation
- East Timorrelevant facts. There was resultant
widespread violence and turmoil in Indonesia
throughout 1999. Partially an issue of
nationalism partly the powerful military
unwilling to give up E. Timor partially, people
who had lived under a dictatorship for years
feeling newly empowered. The US pressures
Indonesia to go through with the referendum
among other things, the US threatened to cut
military ties and block IMF loans. The issue
came before the UNs Security Council where China
blocked potential UN sanctions. Fall 1999,
Habibie formally renounces Indonesias claims
over E. Timor. Soon thereafter, E. Timor became
a UN protectorate and sets presidential
elections for 2001. On May 20, 2002 E. Timor
became an independent state. -
53Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VII International Cooperation
- Why Cooperate?
- The authors engage in some discussion of formal
negotiations vs. tacit cooperation vs. imposed
cooperation, etc. You are to read but I shall
not discuss. The main point is this states
choose to cooperate when it is in their best
interest to do so. - G. Persuasion --------- War Power Continuum -------------------
------------ Increasing Costs Note as well
discuss later, International Law and IOs can be
seen as entities used by states to mitigate the
more anarchic characteristics of the
international system.
54Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VII International Cooperation
- Why Cooperate?
- A. Absolute vs. relative gains benefits vs.
costs (supra). Absolute gains (largest possible
gain for a state irrespective of gains for
others relative gains (gains relative to others
involved.) Number of states. The larger the
number of states involved, typically increases
bargaining-consensus thus possibly increasing
costs in terms of gains. Further, typically
increases free-rider problem On the other
hand, certain states are more likely to view
agreements as legitimate to the extent they
have participated thus larger number could
advantage cooperation. - Presence of hegemonic state. Authors point out
that to Realists, hegemonic state is seen and a
necessary (though not sufficient) condition.
Neoliberals, by contrast, look toward
strengthening of international institutions,
norms, regimes. They dont discuss hegemonic
stability theory which posits that a hegemonic
power tends to incur, usually willingly,
inordinate costs for peacelack of
instabilityresulting in the very free riding
they note. Also, while the case study implies
hegemonic influenceUS and Chinasthere are
relatively few hegemonic powers around.
55Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VII International Cooperation
- Why Cooperate?
- Increases in scientific and technical knowledge.
Arguable. However, some Neoliberals tend to
think said knowledge increases the chance of
cooperation. Well discuss under integration
theory. - Feminist theory. This section includes with a
discuss of Feminist theory, eschewing the view of
cooperation in purely strategic terms rather, a
stress on empathetic cooperation, etc.
56Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VII International Cooperation
- International Law. The authors begin with the
shop-worn critiques of international law as a
means of cooperation. Namely, Neorealists remind
us that there is nothing above the nation
stateno supranational entity that can arbitrate
disputes. Thus, international law is found
wanting by its critics when compared to say
domestic law. That being said, the authors argue
that in the post-CW era, international law is
seen by many as increasingly efficacious. For
reasons of costs alone, states increasingly
frequently find it in their self interest to
voluntarily forfeit a limited portion of their
sovereignty to be bound be international law as
it is a cost-effective way to ensure their self
interests. The authors pose five
issues/questions around which they see the
potential for international consensus, hence,
increasing the efficacy of international law.
57Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VII International Cooperation
- Origins-Sources. Generally, what we think of as
international law comes from the European
Enlightenment and Liberal traditions.
International conventions-treatise (e.g., various
Geneva conventions) Customary law. Perhaps
early laws of the sea General normative
principles I would add subsidiary sources such
as legal rulings, scholarship in jurisprudence.
Etc.
58Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VII International Cooperation
- Is intl law global in nature? Is International
Law Global in Nature?
- Feminist Challenge. This perspective disputes
the sources of international law as gender
biased. Citing examples, the authors discuss
traditional religiousreproductive
rightsconstraints and similar cultural
restraints. - The Challenge of Developing Nations. The authors
rightly note that the origins of international
law were during the European Enlightenment and
Liberal periods. During said periods, Europeans
and others thought nothing of using international
law to exploit their colonial holdings. As such,
international law cannot necessarily be seen as
global in nature. They cite colonialism
specifically and unequal treatment under
colonialism. Chinas Century of Humiliation,
which we will discuss in the final section of the
text, was exacted under the guise of
international law. They make a good point.
Consider, they say, a future global convention
held to establish universal norms for future
wars.
59Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VII International Cooperation
- . . . Global in nature?
- Just War Theory. The traditional Western-centric
concept of war established by Catholic
theologians, subsequently others, to justify what
then was the states (churchs) actions. - defensive
- other possibilities have been exhausted
- proportionality or commensurate action
- non combatants
60Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VII International Cooperation
- . . . Global in nature?
- Jihad. Obviously, a clearly distinct and
contrasting view of what constitutes a just war.
- When and why is International Law Obeyed? Weve
already discussed in terms of self interest
and/or cost effectiveness. Another reason is
reciprocity (comity). Essentially, states will
agree to something (form consensus with other
states) with which they do not necessarily agree
in order to exact similar behavior from others at
some future time where the matter of greater
interest to them. - The Relevance of International Law and War. The
face of war is changing in the post-CW era and
has been ever since technology was introduced
its simply changing more rapidly now. Modernity
also is correlated with increased rules and norms
(intl laws). To illustrate they consider the
Persian Gulf War (1991). The reasons is that it
is generally considered a war that was fought
humanely. Yet it illustrates issues associated
with the changing face of war. US military
doctrine of massive application of force,
surprise and maneuverability.
61Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VII International Cooperation
- International Organizations.
- Historical Development. International
Organizations (IOs) similar to international law
in origins and purposes. They arise from the
European Enlightenment and Liberal periods. They
are intended to augment the anarchic tendencies
of the international system. The authors
discuss the historical development of IOs. They
do not distinguish between IGOs and NGOs. For
our purposes theres an important distinction.
Namely, IGOs membership is comprised of nation
statesinternational-governmental organizations.
NGOs membership comprised of non-state actors,
grass roots organizations, political action
groupsnon-governmental organizations. There are
far more of the latter and they tend to be
narrowly focused doctors without borders,
Catholic Relief, Green Peace, etc.
62Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VII International Cooperation
- International Organizations. Continued.
- The authors somewhat dubiously associate
Neoliberals with both international laws and IOs.
More accurately, the Neoliberal tradition
arises out of the same milieu, namely, European
Enlightenment and Liberalism. Neorealist
certainly acknowledge international law and IOs
but simply put less faith in their efficacy in
terms of peace and stability. Citing I. Claudes
work, they date IOs development beginning with
the Concert of Europe 19th Century occasion on
which the great powers came together to agree on
common operating procedures (security regime or
international laws) to establish the future
political landscape of Europe. Could as
easily be dated it with the Treaty of Westphalia,
a similar arrangement at the conclusion of the
Thirty Years War (c. 1658). Following the
Concert of Europe came the Hague Conferences
(1899 and 1907) to promote peaceful dispute
resolution. The third effort at building
institutional constraints against instability
(read war) resulted in public international
unions (International Telegraphic Union, 1865 and
Universal Postal Union, 1874.
63Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VII International Cooperation
- International Organizations. Continued.
- Note well revisit under integration theory.
The most significant effort was the League of
Nations following WW I. It was establishedor
nearly soto prevent the sort of systematic
failure that led to the war. The goal was to
legitimize the extant distribution of
powerspheres of influence that others would not
violate or disturb. It was also doomed to
failure, say our authors, because it couldnt get
broad membership (legitimacy, sufficient
consensus). The US never joined the Russians
joined late Japan refused to join partly as
result of an article establishing equality of
races failed to pass. Second, say our authors,
the collective-security mechanism doomed it.
Though included in its charterthe
Covenantstates scarcely responded to challenges
Italys invasion of Ethiopia Japans invasion
of Manchuria.
64Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VII International Cooperation
- International Organizations. Continued.
- The Evolving United Nations. Unlike the League,
the UN did get broad membership. If I recall
correctly, the original UN consisted of
fifty-plus states. The US and Russia (the
Soviets) both joined. And why not? They were
among the victorsincluding the U.K., France, and
Chinaat the conclusion of WW II and thereby had
disproportionate influence in establishing how it
would work. More on this when we discuss the
Security Council. Operationally, the UN was
established with six permanent entities from
which others have grown over time.
65Part II Building Block for Analysis
66Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Chapter VII International Cooperation
- International Organizations. Continued.
- The Evolving United Nations. Continued.
- General Assembly
- Security Council
- Economic Social Council (ECOSOC)
- Secretariat
- Intl Court of Justice (ICJ) or World Court
- Trusteeship Council
-
67Part II Building Block for Analysis
- Integration Theory
- Introduction
- Federalism
- Functionalism
- Neo-functionalism
- Collective Security