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Naming Conventions or How Many Ways Can You Spell Mohammed

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Title: Naming Conventions or How Many Ways Can You Spell Mohammed


1
Naming Conventions or How Many Ways Can You
Spell Mohammed?
  • Office of International Programs
  • University of Kansas Medical Center

2
Who We Are
  • Julia Shaw,
  • Associate Director, International Programs
  • University of Kansas Medical Center
  • Kerry Allen, Sr Coordinator
  • Academic English and Cultural Studies
  • University of Kansas Medical Center

3
What is in a Name?
  • Common to all mankind
  • Self
  • Possible associations include
  • Gender
  • Family
  • Social status
  • Generation
  • Spirituality or religion
  • Region or area
  • Heritage / Race
  • Wealth
  • Occupation
  • Caste

4
What Do These Names Say to You?
  • Bobbi Sue Taylor
  • Floyd and Iris Miller
  • Reggie White
  • Olga Johansen
  • Salvatore Sal Falco
  • David Levi Solomon
  • Basil Thibodeau
  • Tiffany Hart
  • Miguel Garcia
  • Mohammed Shirazi

5
How Many Ways Can You Spell Mohammed?
6
Transcription Transliteration
  • The translation from one writing form to
    another.
  • Transcription is a more phonetic interpretation
  • Transliteration represents the letters exactly
  • Why transcription instead of transliteration?
  • Some English vowel sounds dont exist in the
    other language and vice-versa
  • Some English consonant sounds dont exist in the
    other language and vice-versa
  • Some languages are not written with letters

7
Issues Related to Transliteration Transcription
  • Lack of consistent rules for some languages or
    varying sets of rules
  • Country variations in choice of rules
  • Country/regional variations in pronunciation
  • Same name may be transcribed differently even
    within the same family
  • More confusing when common or religious names
    cross over several countries with different
    scripts (Islam - Mohammed)

8
Arabic Transcription
  • There are three letters with vowel sounds a, i,
    u.
  • Short vowel sounds are not written.
  • The letter hamza is a glottal stop, it has no
    sound and is not pronounced
  • Consonant sounds not found in English include
    kh and q or gh
  • Arabic is written from right to left

9
Use of Arabic Script
10
Use of Arabic Script
  • Middle East and Central Asia
  • Kurdish and Turkmen in Iraq
  • Farsi (Persian) and Baluchi in Iran
  • Dari, Pashto and Uzbek in Afghanistan
  • Uyghur, Kazakh and Kyrgyz in northwest China
  • South Asia
  • Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Kashmiri and Balochi in
    Pakistan
  • Urdu and Kashmiri in India
  • Southeast Asia
  • Malay in Burnei
  • Malaysia, Indonesia, southern Thailand, Singapore
    and the Phillipines for religious purposes
  • Africa
  • Bedawi or Beja in Sudan
  • Hausa in Nigeria
  • Tamazight and other Berber languages

11
????
  • M-H-M-D
  • Vowels and their pronunciation depend on region
  • D and T interchangeable and depend on region
  • Middle M sometimes repeated when transcribed
  • How do you spell ?
  • Mehmed
  • Mahomet
  • Mahmed
  • Mahmud
  • Muhammed
  • Mohammed
  • Mohammet

12
Gadhafi
  • Common spellings of Libyan leader Moammar
    Gadhafi's name
  • Qaddafi
  • Qatafi
  • Quathafi
  • Kadafi
  • Kaddafi
  • Khadaffi
  • Gadhafi
  • Gaddafi
  • Ghadafy
  • All names listed above with al-..

13
Cyrillic Script
  • The Cyrillic alphabet is actually a family of
    alphabets, subsets of which are used principally
    in Slavic, but also other, languages.
  • Not all letters are used in every language this
    is written with it.
  • Common spelling variations in names occur with
    the sounds/letters
  • Y J I
  • Gh G H
  • Zh - J

14
Cyrillic to Latin Alphabet
  • After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in
    1991 some countries transitioned to the Latin
    alphabet
  • Uzbekistan
  • Azerbajian
  • Turkmenistan
  • In other countries the Cyrillic alphabet is also
    written in the Latin alphabet
  • Serbia
  • Croatia
  • Bulgaria
  • Belarus
  • Bosnia

15
Use of Cyrillic Script
16
Chinese Languages Transcription
  • The major Chinese languages (Mandarin
    Cantonese) are based on images and syllables,
    known as monosyllabic logograms, rather than
    individual letters
  • There is no Chinese alphabet
  • Pinyin style is the type of transcription used in
    mainland China
  • Wade-Giles is the type of transcription used in
    Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore.
  • Uses hyphens between syllables
  • Wang Mao-hsin or Liu Mei-lai

17
Transliteration of Chinese Names
  • Names of the Worlds Peoples A Comprehensive
    Dictionary of Names in Roman Chinese
  • Complied by the Proper Names and Translation
    Service of the Xinhua New Agency
  • Based on Mandarin
  • Provides standardization of names

18
Japanese Transcription
  • The Japanese language is expressed through
    characters and uses more than one writing system
  • Kanji Chinese characters
  • Hiragana Japanese writing form used when Kanji
    characters dont exist curvy letters
  • Katakana Used to write foreign names and
    words and names of other countries sharper more
    square like-letters
  • ??????????
  • Any name may have several written forms
  • A name written in kanji may have more than one
    common pronunciation. For example, Nakata and
    Nakada have the same kanji -??
  • ?? ?? Ono Yoko may be written in English as
    Yooko, Youko or Yoko. Her name is pronounced
    Yoko not Yooko

19
Naming Conventions
20
Definitions
  • Given name
  • Personal name
  • American first name
  • Name a person calls oneself
  • Christian name
  • Second name
  • American middle name
  • Surname
  • American last name
  • Family name
  • Name typically associated with the family but
    this can vary by country
  • In this presentation we provide examples of the
    naming practice by using American names

21
US and Europe Naming
  • Susan Elizabeth
    Jones
  • Given name Second name
    Surname
  • Second or middle names more common in US
  • Women typically take husbands family name upon
    marriage
  • Some women drop maiden family name and replace
    with husbands family name
  • Some women drop second name, and use the maiden
    name as the second name ( Hilary Rodham Clinton)
  • Some women choose to keep their maiden name or
    hyphenate the maiden and married surnames
  • In Eastern Europe and Russia
  • Women take husbands surname, however it carries
    a feminine ending
  • Example Trotsky becomes Trotskya, Davidov
    becomes Davidova
  • Names ending in ski or owicz are typically
    Polish
  • Names ending in sky are Russian, Ukrainian,
    Czech or Slovak

22
Hispanic Naming
  • Susan Elizabeth Jones
    Brown
  • Given name second name fathers family
    name mothers family name
  • Hispanic names consist of both the paternal and
    maternal family names
  • If you wanted to Americanize the name it would be
  • Susan Elizabeth Jones
  • What may appear as a given name and a second
    name, may actually be the given name. Example
    Luis Miguel, Juan Carlos, Luz Maria
  • Nicknames are very common in Mexican culture.
    Some people are known to others only by their
    nicknames.

23
Hispanic Naming (contd)
  • Susan Elizabeth Jones Brown
  • Given name second name fathers family name
    mothers family name
  • Women traditionally retain their names after
    marriage. In some areas the women might add her
    husbands family name to her own. There are
    regional variations
  • Example Susan marries Juan Garcia Chavez. She
    may change her name to
  • Susan Elizabeth Jones Brown de Garcia
  • Susan Elizabeth Jones de Garcia
  • Susan Elizabeth Jones Sra. de Garcia
  • Childrens names will differ from both the
    parents.
  • Susan Jones Brown and Juan Garcia Chavezs
    children might be named
  • Jose Garcia Jones
  • Marcia Garcia Jones

24
Brazil Portugal Naming
  • Susan Elizabeth Brown de
    Jones
  • Given name second name mothers family
    name fathers family name
  • Like Hispanic names, consists of both the
    paternal and maternal family names, however in a
    different order
  • A preposition of de, del or de la is common
    prior to the fathers family name
  • If you wanted to Americanize the name it would be
  • Susan Elizabeth Jones

25
Filipino Naming
  • Susan Brown
    Jones
  • Given name mothers family name
    fathers family name
  • Hispanic influence in many names, but do not
    follow Hispanic naming conventions
  • Second name is mothers family name
  • When a woman marries, fathers family name
    becomes middle name and husbands familys name
    becomes last name
  • Susan Brown Jones marries Joe Smith. She drops
    the Brown and becomes Susan Jones Smith

26
East Asian Naming
  • In many east Asian cultures the family name or
    surname is first in the naming order
  • Japan
  • China
  • Korea
  • Vietnam
  • Laos
  • Hmong
  • Cambodia

27
Vietnamese Naming
  • Jones Elizabeth
    Susan
  • surname
    second name given name
  • Vietnamese names are written in an order opposite
    of western names
  • There are reportedly no more than 300 family
    names with the most common being Nguyen
    (pronounced similar to win). Other family
    names include Tran, Le, Vu, Vo, Huynh, Pham,
    Ngo, Troung, Doan, Trinh, Dang, Bui, Lam
  • Many Vietnamese names are related to Chinese
    clans or family names
  • The second name identifies the gender of an
    individual. The second name may remain the same
    for all male members of the family
  • Common middle names for men are Van, Huu, Duc,
    Dinh, Xuan, Ngoc, Quang, Cong
  • Women retain their names after marriage

28
Chinese Naming
  • Jones Susan
  • surname given name
  • The order is reversed with surname first then
    the given name
  • Li, Wang, and Zhang are the most common Chinese
    family names. Most family names are only one
    syllable long
  • A familys hopes are often reflected in a childs
    given name. Zhifu (getting rich), Xinghau
    (rejuvenate China)
  • Mens names typically imply honor to ancestry,
    militaristic bearing or virility, such as Gang
    (steel) Jinsong (sturdy pine), Ren Youcheng
    (accomplishment)
  • Womens names include words related to beauty,
    jewelry, flowers or birds, such as Hua (flower),
    Yan (beautiful), Mei (enchanting)
  • Women retain their names after marriage

29
Korean Naming
  • Park Susan-Elizabeth
  • surname given name
  • Korean names consist of a surname followed by a
    given name.
  • Only about 250 Korean family names are in use.
    Almost 50 of Koreans have the family name of
    Kim, Park or Lee
  • Lee and Yi are the same name in written Korean
  • The surname is usually one syllable and the given
    name is usually a two-part hyphenated name
  • Koreans have no middle names. You may see two
    names written together or hyphenated and these
    represent the given name
  • Women keep their names following marriage

30
Japanese Naming
  • Jones Susan
  • surname given name
  • In Japanese names, the surname is first and then
    the given name. There are no middle names
  • Most names are written in Kanji with a variety of
    possible pronunciations
  • Suzuki, Takahashi and Kato are common surnames.
    There are as many as 100,000 surnames in use in
    Japan and their usage varies by region. The
    Japanese government regulates names written in
    Kanji. Only Kanji which appear on the government
    list (about 2,230) may be used in given names
  • The Japanese usually address someone by his or
    her surname followed by san or often refer to
    someone by his or her title rather than name
    (sensei, sacho, etc.)
  • Male given names often end in ro (son) or ta
    (great) or ichi (first)
  • Female given names often end in ko (child) or
    mi (beauty)
  • Women do adopt the husbands surname after
    marriage

31
India Naming
  • Indian names are based on a variety of systems
    and naming conventions, which vary greatly region
    by region
  • Names are influenced by religion, caste and
    occupation as well as other cultural influences
  • British
  • Portuguese
  • Caste names include Nair, Reddy, Patel, Gandhi

32
India Naming Religious Influence
  • Sikh names often use Singh as the surname or as a
    suffix to the surname however, Singh is a clan
    name and, therefore, not used exclusively by
    Sikhs
  • Jains often use the surname of Jain. Like Singh
    this is a surname used by other Indians as well
  • Most Hindu names consist of a given name,
    possibly a second name, and a family based
    surname. The second name may be the fathers
    given name
  • Indians of the Christian faith follow British
    naming conventions
  • Indians of the Moslem faith follow conventions
    similar to Arabic naming conventions

33
Southern India Naming
  • Chicago Robert ____ Paul
  • Region or village fathers given name
    given name
  • In the southern states of India (Andhra Pradesh,
    Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala), naming
    conventions are not consistent and vary
    considerably by region
  • Typically there is no family name
  • The names are often abbreviated, with the
    exception of the given name
  • Example C. R. Paul
  • Women take the husbands given name after
    marriage, and it replaces the fathers given name
  • Women use initials also. However, before marriage
    they use the fathers initials with her given
    name. After marriage she uses her husbands
    initials with her given name

34
Arabic Naming
  • Susan Jones
  • Given name Surname
  • Naming conventions vary region by region and by
    religion (Moslem, Jewish, Christian)
  • The use of honorific, patronymic, and tribal
    names is common
  • Abu Karim Muhammad al-Jamil ibn Nidal ibn
    Abdulaziz al-Filastini
  • Father of Karim, Muhammed, the beautiful, son of
    Nidal, son of Abdulaziz, the Palestinian.
  • The use of titles is common al Haji
  • Al or El, a common prefix to family names,
    may be used in the name or may be dropped
  • Masculine given names are often feminized by
    adding an a ending
  • Sohail becomes Sohaila
  • Arabs often adopt Western conventions when
    traveling or living in Western countries.
    Constructing a first name/surname model from
    their full Arab name.
  • Farsi, Dari and other languages share Arabic
    script but are not Arab languages. Naming
    conventions are different then Arabic.

35
African Naming
  • Naming practices vary greatly based on religion,
    tribal or ethnic group, and region
  • Christian and Moslem naming practices can be seen
  • Children may have a tribal name and a Christian
    name
  • Names for children may include the day they were
    born, especially if it was a holiday or
    celebration day
  • Children are often named after relatives, tribal
    elders, legendary gods or respected persons.
    Children may also be named after aspirations or
    values such as Joy or Justice.

36
African Naming (contd)
  • In Ghana, the surname is not the same for all
    persons in a family. Each child may have a
    different surname.
  • For Akan speakers in Ghana, a naming ceremony is
    held seven days after birth. The father chooses
    the name of a respected relative for the child.
  • In Nigeria, in the Yoruba community, babies are
    given a name which describes the day of their
    birth, born in the rainy time. Later the child
    is give a praise name which expresses hopes for
    their future. Dunsimi means dont die before
    me. Titilayo means eternal happiness.
  • The Urhobo community in Nigeria, believe that a
    child lives up to the the meaning of their name.
    Many names therefore have a spiritual or
    religious significance. Eseoghene or Ese means
    Gods gift. Efemini of Efe means Lets see how
    wealthy you can be. Typically grandparents
    receive the honor of naming the new child.
  • In Kenya, to Swahili speakers, the babies first
    or birth name refers to the childs appearance.
    Later, up to 40 days after the birth, a name is
    chosen for the child by his parents and paternal
    grandparents.

37
Welcome to the US!
  • Names are often misspelled or mispronounced
  • The accent marks, tilde, or umlauts are often
    lost
  • The order of ones name may be reversed
  • Many change the order of their names to conform
    with American naming conventions
  • Many adopt American nicknames

38
For more information
  • This presentation was constructed as an
    introduction to naming conventions or practices
  • You can find much more detailed information
    regarding these various practices

39
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