Unit Six: Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation

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Unit Six Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood
Coagulation

• Chapter 33 Resistance of the Body to
  Infection. I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the
  Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation

Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology,
12th edition
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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

• General Characteristics
• Types neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils,
  monocytes,
• lymphocytes (plasma cells)
• b. Concentrations in the blood

White Blood Cell in Whole Blood
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils 62.0
Polymorphonuclear Eosinophils 2.3
Polymorphonuclear Basophils 0.4
Monocytes 5.3
Lymphocytes 30.0
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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

• Genesis of WBCs

Fig. 33.1 Genesis of WBCs
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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

• Life Span of WBCs
• Granulocytes- 4-8 hrs in the blood and 4-5 days
  in tissues
• Monocytes- 10-20 hrs in the blood, move into
  tissues
• and become macrophages which can live for months
• Lymphocytes- weeks or months moving from
  circulation
• into the tissues and back again
• Platelets- replaced about every 10 days (30,000
  formed
• per day per microliter of blood

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Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against
Infections

• WBCs Enter the Tissue Spaces by Diapedsis
• WBCs Move Through the Tissues by Ameboid
  Motion
• WBCs Are Attracted to Inflamed Tissue by
  Chemotaxis

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Neutrophils and Macrophages (cont.)
Fig. 33.2
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Neutrophils and Macrophages (cont.)

• Phagocytosis
• Process
• Neutrophils
• Macrophages
• Phagolysosomes
• Bactericidal properties

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Monocyte-Macrophage Cells System

• Reticuloendothelial System (RES)
• Histiocytes
• Macrophages in the lymph nodes
• Lungs
• Kupffer cells
• Spleen and Bone Marrow

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Fig. 33.3 Functional diagram of a lymph node
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Fig. 33.4 Kupffer cells lining the liver
sinusoids
Fig. 33.5 Functional structures of the spleen
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Inflammation Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages

• Inflammation
• Vasodilation of local blood vessels
• Increased permeability of the capillaries
• Clotting of fluids in the interstitial spaces
• Migration of granulocytes and monocytes
• Swelling of the tissue cells
• Chemicals released histamine, bradykinin,
• serotonin, prostaglandins, complement proteins
• activated, multiple lymphokines

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Inflammation Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages

• Walling-Off Effect of Inflammation- delay
  the
• spread of bacterial or toxins
• Macrophage and Neutrophil Responses
• Neutrophil invasion of the inflammed area
• Acute increase of neutrophils in blood
• Macrophage invasion into area
• Increased production of granulocytes and
  monocytes
• by the bone marrow

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Fig. 33.6 Migration of neutrophils from the
blood into the inflamed tissue
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Inflammation (cont.)

• Feedback Control of the Macrophage/Neutrophil
• Responses

G-CSF Granulocyte Colony Stimulating
Factor GM-CSF Granulocyte-Monocyte Colony
Stimulating Factor IL-1 Inteleukin 1 M-CSF
Monocyte Colony Stimulating Factor TNF Tumor
Necrosis Factor
Fig. 33.7
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Eosinophils

• Eosinophils
• Weakly phagocytic
• Prominent in parasitic infections
• Collect in areas where allergic reactions occur

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Basophils

• Basophils
• Similar to mast cells
• Release heparin in the blood
• Release histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin
• IgE binds to basophil-release of histamine in
• allergic reactions

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Leukopenia and Leukemia

• Leukopenia- bone marrow produces few wbcs
• Caused by irradiation (x-rays or gamma rays)
• Exposure to drugs and chemicals
• Leukemia- uncontrolled production of wbcs
• Types
• Effects on the body