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William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture

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Title: William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture


1
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture
  • Chapter 1Introduction

2
????(?)
  • ????????--????(???)
  • William Stallings ?
  • ??? ??
  • ???????
  • ISBN 7-5053-6674-2
  • ??50.00?

3























????(?)
  • ???????(???)
  • ??? ??? ??
  • ???????
  • ISBN 7-302-02900-8
  • ??42.00?

4
??????
  • ?????(?)???
  • ?1? ??
  • ?2? ?????????
  • ?7? ??????
  • ?11? CPU?????
  • ?12? ????????
  • ?13? ??????
  • ?16? ????

5
Topics
  • Computer Architecture
  • ???????
  • Computer Organization
  • ?????
  • Organization and Architecture
  • ??????????
  • Structure and Function
  • ?????

6
?????????
6? ????
??????????????
??????????
5? ???????
?????????????
4? ???????
??????????3?2???,???????
3? ????
???????????????
2? ???????
??????????
1? ?????
????????
?????????
0? ????
???????
7
??????????
  • ????? ??
  • ????? ???????
  • ????? ???????
  • ????? ???
  • ????? ???????
  • ?????? ?????
  • ????? ?????

8
  • ?????????????,????????4???????????????????N???????
    ?????(???)?????Kns??,?????2,3,4??????????????2?
    ?3??4?

N x K ns
N x N x K ns
N x N x N x K ns
9
Computer Architecture????
  • Therefore, computer architecture refers to
  • Attributes of a system visible to programmers
  • Attributes that have a direct impact on the
    execution of programs
  • ?????????
  • ?????????????
  • ????????????????

???????????????????????????
10
Computer Architecture????
  • Attributes(??????)
  • Instruction set ???(??????????????)
  • Data representation ????(???????????int, char,
    real)
  • I/O mechanisms ??/???(?I/O?????????????)
  • Addressing techniques ??????(????????????????)

11
  • ????????????????,????????????,????????
  • ???????,????????????????,???????????????
  • ????,???????????????????

12
Computer Organization??
  • Organization refers to operational units and
    their interconnections that realize the
    architectural specifications.
  • ?????????????????,???????????
  • ???????????????????

13
Computer Organization??
  • Attributes hardware details transparent to
    programmers ???????????
  • Control signals ????(? ????????????)
  • Computer/peripheral interface ????????? (?
    ???????)
  • Memory technology ???????(? RAM???????,????????)

14
Computer implementation??
  • ????????????????????????????,?????????,????,??????
    ???????????,???????,???????????????????????

15
  • ????
  • ??????????????????????????????????
  • ??????????????????????????

16
Architecture Organization 1
  • Architecture is attributes visible to programmers
  • ????????????????????
  • Organization is how features are implemented
  • ??????????????????

17
Architecture Organization 1
  • Example
  • Architecture multiply instruction??????????
  • Organization hardware multiply unit or done by
    repeated addition? ??????????????
  • Example
  • IBM/370 architecture
  • different models (organizations)

18
Architecture Organization 2
  • Example
  • Architecture ???????,?????????
  • Organization?????,???????????????????????????????
    ?
  • Implementation??????????????
  • Example
  • ????????????
  • ?????????????????
  • ???????????????

19
Architecture Organization 3
  • Family Concept?????????????????????,????????????
    ??????????
  • All Intel x86 family share the same basic
    architecture
  • The IBM System/370 family share the same basic
    architecture
  • This gives code compatibility (at least
    backwards)
  • Organization differs between different versions

20
Architecture Organization 4
  • ???????????????????,??????????????????????????????
    ??
  • ????????,???????????????????????????,????????,????
    ?????????

21
Architecture Organization 5
  • ????
  • ??(?)?????????????????????????(?)??????
  • ??(?)????????????????????????????????????(?)?????
    ????
  • ??????????
  • ????????????????????????????0520?IBM PC???

22
Architecture Organization
  • ????????,?????????????????
  • ???????????????
  • ??????
  • ??????
  • ??????
  • ?????
  • ????????
  • ???????????????????

??
???
??
??
???
???
??
23
Architecture Organization
  • ???????????
  • ????(???????????????????)
  • ????(???????????????????????)
  • ?????(??????????????????????????)
  • ????(???????????????????????????)
  • ????(?????????????????????????)
  • ????(?????????????????????)
  • ????????????
  • ????I/O??(???????????????????)
  • ????(????????????????)

24
Architecture Organization
  • ???????????
  • ??????(????????????????)
  • ???????
  • ????????????
  • ????????
  • ?????????(???????????)
  • ???????
  • ???????
  • ?????

25
Structure Function 1(?????)
  • Computer
  • Complex systemgt How can we design/describe it?
    ????????
  • Hierarchic system????
  • A set of interrelated subsystems, each subsystem
    hierarchic in structure until some lowest level
    of elementary subsystems is reached
    ???????????????,????????????,????????????
  • At each level of the system, the designer is
    concerned with structure and function.
    ?????,?????????????

26
Structure Function 2 (?????)
  • Structure is the way in which components relate
    to each other
  • ????????????
  • Function is the operation of individual
    components as part of the structure
  • ???????????????????

27
Function
  • Basic computer functions ????
  • Data processing ????
  • Data storage ????
  • Data movement ????
  • Control ??

28
Functional view
  • Functional view of a computer

????
????
??
????
29
Operations (1)
  • Data movement ????
  • e.g. keyboard to screen ??????

????
????
??
????
30
Operations (2)
  • Storage ????
  • e.g. Internet download to disk ???????

????
????
??
????
31
Operation (3)
  • Processing from/to storage ??????
  • e.g. updating bank statement ?????

????
????
??
????
32
Operation (4)
  • Processing from storage to I/O ?????
  • e.g. printing a bank statement ????

????
????
??
????
33
Structure
  • Four main structural components ??????
  • CPU
  • Main Memory
  • I/O Devices
  • System Interconnection ????

34
Structure - Top Level
Computer
Peripherals
Central Processing Unit
Main Memory
Computer
Systems Interconnection
Input Output
Communication lines
35
Structure - The CPU
CPU
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Computer
Registers
I/O
CPU
System Bus
Internal CPU Interconnection
Memory
Control Unit
36
Structure - The Control Unit
Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing Logic
ALU
Control Unit
Internal Bus
Control Unit Registers and Decoders
Registers
Control Memory
37
Structure Function (?????)
  • ?? ????
  • ???? ?????(???)
  • ???? ?????
  • ???? ??/????
  • ?? ?????(???)

????
38
Outline of the Book (1)
  • Computer Evolution and Performance
  • Computer Interconnection Structures
  • Internal Memory
  • External Memory
  • Input/Output
  • Operating Systems Support
  • Computer Arithmetic
  • Instruction Sets

39
Outline of the Book (2)
  • CPU Structure and Function
  • Reduced Instruction Set Computers
  • Superscalar Processors
  • Control Unit Operation
  • Microprogrammed Control
  • Multiprocessors and Vector Processing
  • Digital Logic (Appendix)

40
Internet Resources- Web site for book
  • http//WilliamStallings.com
  • links to sites of interest
  • links to sites for courses that use the book
  • errata list for book
  • information on other books by W. Stallings

41
Internet Resources- Web sites to look for
  • WWW Computer Architecture Home Page
  • CPU Info Center
  • ACM Special Interest Group on Computer
    Architecture
  • IEEE Technical Committee on Computer Architecture
  • Intel Technology Journal
  • Manufacturers sites
  • Intel, IBM, etc.

42
Internet Resources - Usenet News Groups
  • comp.arch
  • comp.arch.arithmetic
  • comp.arch.storage
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