Child, Family, School, and Community Socialization and Support 6th ed'

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Child, Family, School, and CommunitySocializati
on and Support 6th ed.
Chapter OneEcology of the Child
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Ecology, Change, and Children

• Ecology is the science of interrelationships
  between organisms and their environments.
• In human development, it involves the consequent
  biological, psychological, social, and cultural
  processes that develop over time.

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Socialization and Child Development

• Socialization is the process by which individuals
  acquire the
• knowledge
• skills
• character traits
• that enable them to participate as effective
  members of groups and society.

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Socialization is what

• every parent
• every teacher
• every friend
• every religion
• every community

DOES
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George Mead

• Language
• separates humans from other animals
• makes ideas and communication of these ideas
  possible
• makes it possible to replace action with thoughts

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A Unique Human Process

• Internalization is the process by which
  externally controlled behavior shifts to
• internally
• self-controlled
• behavior

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A Reciprocal Dynamic Process
Middle Childhood
Adolescence
Early Adulthood
Middle Adulthood
Late Adulthood
Early Childhood
Infancy/
Toddlerhood
Birth
Death

• Socialization begins and birth and continues
  throughout life

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Temperament and Socialization
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Socialization

• Intentional
• When adults have certain values that they
  consistently convey to children
• Approval for compliance
• Negative consequences for noncompliance

• Unintentional
• Without the deliberate intent to impart knowledge
  or values
• Involves human interaction or observation of
  interaction

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How children are socialized

• Parents
• Siblings
• Grandparents
• Aunts
• Uncles
• Cousins

• Friends
• Neighbors
• Peers
• Teachers
• Coaches
• Characters on television
• Characters on movies
• Characters in books

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Changes

• We assume childhood to be a special period of
  time when we are cared for, taught, and protected
  because we are not mature enough to do these
  things for ourselves
• Children today must cope with a world in which
  both parents work, drugs are readily available,
  sex is as close as TV or the Internet, and
  violence is just around the corner

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Change and Socialization

• Input
• Interactions in various settings and situations

• Output
• Values
• Attitudes
• Attributes
• Motives
• Self-esteem
• Self-regulation
• Morals
• Gender roles

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Examining Socialization in an Ecological Context

• In Bronfenbrenners Theory there are four
• basic structures
• Microsystem
• Mesosystem
• Exosystem
• Macrosystem
• Relationships and interactions take place to
  form patterns that effect human development.

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An Ecological Model of Human Development
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Microsystem(micro meaning small)

• The activities and relationships with
• significant others experienced by children
• in a particular small setting such as
• Family
• School
• Peer group
• Community

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The Family

• is the setting that provides nurturance,
  affection, and a variety of opportunities.
• is the primary socializer of children in that it
  has the most significant impact on their
  development

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The School

• is the setting in which children formally learn
  about their society.
• is a socializer of children that teaches reading,
  writing, arithmetic, history, science, and so on.

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The Peer Group

• is the setting in which children are generally
  unsupervised by adults and gain experience in
  independence.
• helps children get a sense of who they are and
  what they can do.

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The Community

• or neighborhood is the main microsystem in which
  children learn by what they are doing.
• determines what real experiences children will
  have.

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The Media

• Television
• Movies
• Videos
• Books
• Magazines
• Music
• Computers

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Mesosystem(meso meaning intermediate)

• Interrelationships between two or
• more of a childrens microsystems
• Home and School
• School and Community
• Peer Group and School
• Etc.

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Exosystem(exo meaning outside)

• Settings in which children are not active
• participants, but that affect them in one
• of their microsytems
• parents job
• city council
• parental social support networks
• etc.

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Macrosystem(macro meaning large)

• The society and subculture to which
• children belong, with particular
• reference to
• belief systems
• lifestyles (lower/middle/upper class)
• patterns of social interactions
• life changes
• etc.

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Ethnicity

• is an attribute of membership in a group in which
  members continue to identify themselves by
  national origin, culture, race, or religion.
• Ethnic diversity in the United States
• makes the understanding of the
• macrosystem more important.

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Halls Classification of Macrosystems

• Low-Context
• Rationality
• Practicality
• Competition
• Individuality
• Progress

• High-Context
• Intuitiveness
• Emotionality
• Cooperation
• Group identity
• Tradition

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Interaction of Ecological Systems Over Time

• The chronosystem involves temporal changes in
  ecological systems or within individuals as they
  develop that produce new conditions affecting
  childrens development.

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Successful Socialization of Children

• The challenge in todays society is to rear
  children to maintain certain
• values
• morals
• attitudes
• behaviors
• roles
• while being adaptable to change, so that they
  become responsible, caring, competent adults.

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Society, Change, and Consequences

• With change comes consequences, some affecting
  many people and others affecting few.
• The future will depend on what we do in the
  present.
• -Mahatma Ghandi

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Change and Societal Trends

• Societal trends that impact children and
• families include the following
• Biotechnology
• Reconceptualization of societal and individual
  responsibilities
• Mobile technology
• Globalism/Nationalism
• Information Intermediaries

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Reconceptualization of Societal and Individual
Responsibilities

• The challenge is to create caring communities
  that teach children to

• think
• apply
• analyze
• synthesize
• evaluate

• information

• NOT simply regurgitate facts

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Change and Consequences

• The following ecological trends challenge
• families, schools, and communities
• commitment to childrens needs
• Family size is shrinking
• Highly mobile society
• mothers in the labor force
• homelessness
• number of children living w/both parents
• children who are abused/neglected

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Children in a Toxic Environment

• James Garbarino believes that
• violence
• drugs
• uncaring communities
• poverty
• abusive families
• custody battles
• are poisoning childrens lives and are
  responsible for the less-than-optimal well-being
  of Americas children.

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Parents Bill of Rights

• Parents are entitled to
• time for their children
• economic security
• a profamily electoral and legal system
• a supportive external environment
• honor and dignity
• Hewlett and West
• (authors of The War Against Parents, 1998)