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Organizing Lifes Diversity

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The house sparrow (America) The gorrion (Spain) The musch (Holland) The hussparf (Sweden) ... ancestor that lived in South America and flew to the islands. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Organizing Lifes Diversity


1
Organizing Lifes Diversity
2
Classification
  • To attempt to make sense out of all the living
    things on the earth scientists have tried to
    organize them into like groups.
  • This attempt has been termed CLASSIFICATION

3
Taxonomy
The branch of biology that groups and names
organisms. Scientist who do this are called
taxonomists.
4
Aristotle
  • The Greek philosopher ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)
    developed the first widely accepted biological
    classification system.

5
  • Considered the Father of Taxonomy.
  • Aristotle classified all the organisms he knew
    about in to 2 groups

6
  • Plants
  • Herbs, Shrubs, Trees
  • Animals
  • Air, Land, Water

7
  • It was useful but did not group organisms
    according to their evolutionary history.
  • Bats, Bees, Birds all classed together.
  • Are chickens land or air animals?
  • Duck air or water animals?

8
Linnaeus
  • (1707 1778)
  • Carolus Linnaeus developed a classification
    system that replaced Aristotles because it was
    more useful.
  • We still use it today.

9
  • Linnaeus based his system on physical and
    structural similarities of organisms.
  • The groupings revealed the relationships of
    organisms.

10
  • Bats fly like birds but have hair and produce
    milk for their young so they are classified as
    mammals rather than birds.

11
Binomial Nomenclature
  • Linnaeus used a 2 word naming system to name each
    organism he classified.
  • The system is called Binomial Nomenclature

12
  • The first name identifies the genus of the
    organism. The first letter of the name is ALWAYS
    capitalized.
  • The second name identifies the species, usually
    descriptive, it does not contain capitols.

13
  • The scientific name of a species is always 2
    names.
  • Example Humans have the scientific name of Homo
    sapiens.
  • Notice the name is italicized. If you are
    writing the name by hand underline it.

14
  • Homo is the genus.
  • Genus means a group of similar organisms.
  • Sapiens means wise
  • Wise is the descriptive name.

15
  • All scientific names are Latin names or Latinized
    names.
  • Latin is a language that is not longer in use so
    it does not change, making it great for naming
    organisms.

16
  • The reason we do not use common names like sea
    horse is that they can be misleading.
  • A sea horse is a fish not a horse.

17
  • The house sparrow (America)
  • The gorrion (Spain)
  • The musch (Holland)
  • The hussparf (Sweden)
  • Same Bird different name.
  • Can get confusing.

18
Taxonomy Today
  • Expanding on Linnaeuss work taxononists try to
    identify natural relationships of organisms.

19
  • They use External, internal, geographical
    distribution and chemical makeup to reveal
    possible evolutionary relationships.

20
Helps find Relationships
  • Birds have hollow bones, some dinosaurs have
    hollow bones too. This suggests that birds and
    dinosaurs might be more closely related than
    reptiles and dinosaurs.

21
Helps Poison Control
  • The folks at Poison Control have a list of all
    toxic substances.

22
  • If a kid eats a berry from a plant you can call
    poison control and describe the plant and because
    taxonomist have classified all poisonous plants
    they can let you know if what the kid ate is
    poisonous.

23
Taxonomy and the Economy
  • If a taxonomist knows a certain pine tree has a
    chemical in its bark that makes a good
    disinfectant related trees might also.

24
How Living things are Classified
  • Biologists group organisms, then subdivide the
    groups into smaller groups, each smaller group is
    more similar than the previous group.
  • Each group is called a taxon.(plural, taxa)

25
7 taxa are used today.
  • Listed from broadest to narrowest.
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species

26
See page 459 in text.
  • Kingdom is a taxon of similar phyla.
  • Phylum is a taxon of similar classes.
  • Class is a taxon of similar families.
  • Family is a taxon of similar genera.
  • Genus is a taxon of similar species.

27
  • A species is a group of organisms that can mate
    with one another to produce fertile offspring but
    cannot mate successfully with members of another
    group.

28
  • PSL 17-1 page 457 1-4.
  • SA 17.1 page 459 1-5.

29
The Six Kingdoms
  • How do scientist determine how organisms are
    related and what taxon to place them into?
  • Its no easy task.

30
  • Sometimes an organism is classed one way then
    years later after more research is done
    taxonomists move the organism to another taxon.

31
5 ways to determine relations
32
Structural similarities
  • All cats have retractable claws, fore limbs with
    5 toes and hind limbs with 4 toes.
  • Lynx and bobcats have 28 teeth
  • Cougars have 30 as well as all other lions.

33
Breeding Behavior
  • Two species of frog Hyla versicolor and H.
    chrysoscelis.
  • Both look similar
  • Both live in the same area
  • Both eat the same foods

34
  • Hyla versicolor makes a different sound during
    mating season than Hyla chrysoscelis therefore
    they only attract mates from their own group.

35
Geographical distribution
  • The wide variety of finches found on the
    Galapagos islands suggests that they may have a
    common ancestor that lived in South America and
    flew to the islands.

36
  • Once there the finches spread into different
    niches and evolved into many distinct species.

37
Chromosome comparisons
  • Organisms that have chromosomes that are almost
    identical are probably more related than organism
    with vastly different chromosomes.

38
  • Brussel sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, kale and
    broccoli have almost identical chromosomes.
    Suggesting a close relationship.

39
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40
Biochemistry
  • Closely related species have similar DNA
    sequences and, therefore similar proteins.
  • In general the more inherited nucleotide
    sequences that two species share the more closely
    related they are.

41
  • BIO chem Lab. Amino acid sequences.

42
Phylogeny
  • The evolutionary history of a species.
  • Species that share a common ancestor also share
    an evolutionary history.

43
Cladistics
  • Assumes that as groups of organisms diverge (grow
    apart) and evolve from a common ancestor they
    retain some unique inherited characteristics.

44
Cladogram
  • A model of the phylogeny of a species.
  • Shows a probable phylogeny of a group of
    organisms from ancestral groups.

45
Fanlike Model
  • Help you find relationships between modern and
    extinct species.
  • May communicate the time organisms became
    extinct, or relative number of species in a group.

46
  • Mini Lab 17-2 Page 467
  • Fill out Six Kingdom content frame. With Teacher.

47
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48
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49
Assignment
  • SA 17.2 Page 473 1-5.
  • CA17 page 477 1-25.
  • Vocabulary (ALL) Page 477
  • LAB Making a Dichotomous key.
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