Early P.E. Facilities

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Early P.E. Facilities

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Title: Early P.E. Facilities

1
Early P.E. Facilities

1867 Dartmouth
1867 Princeton
1867 Bowdoin
1870 U of Wisconsin
1875 Yale
1879 Harvard
1879 O of California

1860 Vasser
1865 Mt. Holyoke
1875 Smith
1885 Bryn Mawr
1888 Goucher
1899 Mills
1st pool 1888 Goucher

2
Short history AAHPERD

Founded 1885 - AAPE
1886 - AAAPE
later - APEA
1937 - AAHPE
1938 - AAHPER
1979 - AAHPERD
1896 - APER
1930 JOPERD

1930 - Res Quarterly
1958 - Fitness test
1965 -Fitness norms revised
1980 - Health related fitness test
1988 - Physical Best
six national associations

3
National associations

Am Assoc for Active Lifestyles Fitness
Am Assoc for Health Education
Am Assoc for Leisure Recreation
Nat Assoc for Girls Womens in Sport
Nat Assoc for Sport Physical Education
Nat Dance Association

4
AAALF History 1949-1998

1949 - General Division
1974 - Assoc for Res, Admin, Prof Councils
(ARAPC)
1994 - AAALF

5
AAALFs Councils and Society

Adapted P.E. Council
Aquatics Council
College and University Administrators
Council on Aging Adult Development
Council on Facilities Equipment
Council on Outdoor Education
Ethnic Minority Council

6
AAALFs Councils Society continued

International Relations Council
Measurement Evaluation Council
Physical Fitness Council
Student Action Council
School and Community Safety Society of America

7
Facility planning guide history

1946 - initial printing
1946 edition followed by 1956, 1963, 1979, 1984,
1988, 1992, 1999
Editors - Miles 46, Coates Flynn 79 84,
Flynn 88 92, Sawyer, 99

8
CFE History

1955 - Council on Equipment Supplies
1976 - Council on Facilities, Equipment,
Supplies
1993 - Council on Facilities and Equipment

9
National workshops on design sponsored by CFE

Jacobs Mill Workshop, 1946
Kellogg Center Workshop, 1956
Biddle Workshop, 1965

10
Standards

Mandatory
Voluntary

11
Mandatory Standard

Is a standard developed by a federal agency such
as Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA).

12
Voluntary Standard

Is developed by a professional non-profit agency

13
Other controls

Legal codes
Technical specifications and guidelines
Literature and learned treatises

14
Standard of Practice

Is a usual practice accepted by the national or
local government regarding some aspect of
equipment or facility design or usage.

15
Organizations advancing standards

Am Natl Standards Institute ANSI
Am Society of Testing Materials ASTM
Occupational Safety Health Admin OSHA
Internatl Recognized Assoc of Quality Clubs
IRSA
Untied States Tennis Association USTA

16
Other Organizations

National Fire Protection Association NFPA
National Building Code NBC
Standard Building Code SBC
National Spa Pool Institute NSPI

17
Planning Guidelines

Compliance with the ADA
Using a Comprehensive Master Plan
Use a Participatory Planning Approach
Research your Funding Options
Organize a Project Planning Committee
Understand when to Renovate, Retrofit, or Replace

18
Planning Guide Continued

Develop a Program Statement for the Architect
Using Planning Professionals

19
Selecting an Architect

Membership in AIA
Licensed to practice
Good reputation
References
Examples of work
Proximity to the project
Work with building committee

20
Selecting an Architect Continued

Ability to recommend reliable and respected
contractors
Ability to provide strong competent supervision

21
Selecting a Consultant

Educational background
Work experience
Planning experience
Proximity to project
Reputation
Ability to work with building committee
Ability to understand and read blueprints

22
Selecting a Consultant Continued

Ability to understand the organizations programs
Ability to understand the future of the
organizations programs

23
Site Selection Steps

Research
Designers design for people
Maintenance and operations
Maintenance
Operations
Special programs
Facilities their requirements

24
Site Selection Steps

Regional analysis
Site analysis (21 considerations)
Program
Functional analysis
Combined site, function land use
Refinement and site plan
Overall plan

25
Site Selection Steps

Construction documents
Bidding
Construction
Review

26
Site Selection Considerations

Access to site
Circulation within site
Parking
Water Supply
Sewage disposal
Electrical services
Telephone service
Other utilities

Environmental concerns
Easements
Zoning
Historical
Record of former use
Climate conditions
Nuisance potentials

27
Site Selection Consideration

Natural features
Economic impact study
Natural barriers visibility
Supporting demographics
Security concerns

28
Construction Step

Preconstruction conference
Construction Change orders
Pre-final inspection
Prepare punch list
As built drawings
Preparation of operations manual
training on how to operate

29
Construction Step

Final inspection
Acceptance as completed project
Maintenance period
Bond period
Bond inspection and final acceptance

30
Schematic Design Phase

The architect prepares -
the schedule
the construction budget requirements
drawings and other documents illustrating scale
relationship of project components

31
Construction Document Phase

All construction drawings
electrical
mechanical
structural
floor plans
landscaping
Specifications manual

32
Bidding Process

Bidding
invitation to bid
instructions and bid form
blue prints specifications
Advertising
Opening reviewing bids
Award of contract

33
Bidding

One contractor
Three contractors
mechanical, electrical, general
Lump sum
Lump sum with alternatives
Unit prices

34
Financing Options

Public Funding
Taxes - hotel/motel, restaurant, auto rental,
taxi, sin, sales, road, utility, property,
business license, and team.
Tax abatements
Bonds - municipal, general obligation,
non-guaranteed, revenue, tax increment financing
(TIF), special authority

35
Private Funding

Donation of cash
In-kind contributions
Naming rights
Concessionaire exclusivity
Restaurant rights
Sponsorship
Life insurance
Bequests/trusts

Lease agreements
Luxury suites
Premium seating
Parking fees
advertising rights
Vendor/contractor equity
Asset-backed securities

36
Attractive Nuisance Doctrine

It is a doctrine that holds if a person creates
a condition on his/her premises which may
reasonably be construed to be the sources of
danger to children, he/she must take precautions
as a reasonably prudent person would take to
prevent injury to children of tender ages whom
he/she knows to be accustomed to frequent the
area.

37
Foreseeability

The reasonable anticipation that harm or injury
is a likely result from certain acts or omissions.

38
Negligence

The omission of that care which a person of
common prudence usually takes of his/her own
concerns.

39
Duties of Reasonably Safe Environment

Keep the premises in safe repair,
Inspect the premises to discover obvious and
hidden hazards,
Remove the hazards or warn of their presence,
Anticipate foreseeable uses and activities by
invitees and take reasonable precautions to
protect invitees from foreseeable dangers, and
Conduct operations on the premises with
reasonable care for the safety of the invitee.

40
Planning Safe Facilities

Security and Access Control
Safety Zones
Pedestrian Traffic Flow
Storage
Proper Materials
Supervision

41
Primary Causes of Safety Problems in Sports
Facilities

Poor facility planning and design
Poor management

42
American With Disabilities Act

The act provides for comprehensive civil rights
protection to individuals with disabilities in
the areas of
employment,
public accommodations,
state and local government services, and
telecommunications.

43
Five Titles of the ADA

Title I prohibits discrimination against
qualified individuals with disabilities in such
areas as job application procedures, hiring,
discharge, promotion, job training, and other
conditions of employment.
Title II prohibits exclusion of disabled
persons from benefits, services or activities
offered by the government.

44
Five Titles of the ADA

Title III guarantees persons with disabilities
access to privately operated places of business.
Title IV requires telephone companies to
provide interstate and intrastate
telecommunications relay service so that hearing
impaired and speech impaired individuals can
communicate with others.

45
Five Titles of the ADA

Title V refers to the administration and
handling of complaints under ADA.

46
Lighting Terms

Brightness
Glare
Illumination
Footcandle
Footlambert
Reflection Factor

47
Basic Lighting Considerations

Installation
Design for Impact
Lighting Types
Lighting Levels
Natural Lighting

48
Types of Lighting

Incandescent
Fluorescent
Mercury-Vapor
Metal Halide
High Pressure Sodium
Quartz

49
Unique Lighting Settings/Issues

Aquatic Facilities
Outdoor Lighting
Exit Lighting
Night Lighting
Emergency Lighting

50
Acoustics

Internal Treatment
External Treatment
Exterior Treatment

51
Electronic Technologies

Electronic Communication
Scoreboards and Electronic Timing systems
Elevators and Other Hydraulic Lifts
Security
Emergency Alarms
Emergency Generators

52
Optimal Thermal Environment

Radiant temperature where surface and air
temperatures are balanced,
Air temperature between 64 and 72 F,
Humidity between 40 and 60 percent, and
A constant air movement of 20 to 40 lineal
feet/per/minute at a sitting height.

53
Specialists Contributing to Design and Planning
of Ancillary Areas

Owners Project Manager
Facility Planner/Programmer
Architect
Construction Cost Authority
Operational Consultant
Component Suppliers

54
Basic Components Common to Locker Rooms

Lockers
Toilets
Showers
Amenities
Grooming Stations

55
Locker System Considerations

Cost
Appearance Requirements
Resistance to Abuse
Resistance to Corrosion
Availability of Desired Size and Accessories
Installation Requirements

56
Amenities

Steam Rooms
Saunas
Jacuzzis
Grooming Stations

57
Special Types of Locker Rooms

Family Locker Rooms
Express Lockers
Staff Locker Rooms
Officials Locker Rooms

58
Types of Signs

Warning, danger, caution, emergency
Notice and standard operations
Directional
Rules and regulations
Sign graphics

59
Designing Signs

Placement
Materials
Repetitiveness
Shape
Color
Size
Graphics

60
Signs need to be

Simple
Understandable
Attract the facility users attention

61
Sign Maintenance

Electronic bulbs and components will need
replacing have easily accessible.
Signs can break. Use proper coverings.
Signs can be defaced. Use proper materials.
Signs need to be cleaned on a regular basis.

62
Signage and the Three Groups It Serves

Facility Users
Staff/Employees
Emergency Personnel

63
Steps in Surface Selection

Definition
Solicitation
Comparison
Visitation
Selection
Quality
Manufacturer
Installer

Life-Cycle Cost
Bidding
Installation

64
Surface Direct Links

Cost
Type
Installation
Maintenance

Facility Usage
Appearance
Longevity
Overall Facility Success

65
Indoor Surfaces Areas

Floors
Ceilings
Walls
Windows

Specialty Areas
Locker Rooms
Steam Rooms
Aerobic/Exercise Areas
Strength Training Areas
Racquetball Courts
Offices/Teaching Areas

66
Energy Management Process

Assessment of the building and operating systems.
List of appropriate energy conservation measures
based on assessment.
Careful planned implementation.
Regular review of actual energy savings.

67
Three Major Steps in Energy Management

Energy Audit Analysis
Implementation
Monitoring of Results

68
Financing Energy Management Programs

Operating Funds
Capital Budgets
Leases
Energy Service Agreement

69
Situations to consider

Building Envelope
Operation Maintenance
HVAC Systems
Heat Pumps
Domestic Hot Water
Indoor/Outdoor Water Use
Air Quality
Thermal Factors
Lighting

70
Steps to Improve Water Conservation

Shut off taps fully
Repair drips leaks promptly
Check timing cycles for automatic systems
Install low-flow aerators
Retrofit toilets

71
Steps to Reduce Outdoor Water Consumption

Plant only native vegetation suited to climate
Limit watering of turf
Water only during evening and overnight to reduce
evaporation
Use trickle or soaker hoses
Design for runoff rainwater to return to the soil

72
Air Quality Components

Physical
Chemical
Biological
Thermodynamic Characteristics of the Air

73
Types of Bleachers

Permanent (Stationary)
Portable (Movable)
Telescopic (Folding)
Temporary

74
Bleacher Components

Footboards
Seatboards
Risers
Guardrails

75
Codes and Regulations

2000 International Building Code (IBC) of the
International Code Council
1999 National Building Code (NBC) of the Building
Officials and Code Administrators
1997 Standard Building Code (SBC) of the Southern
Building Code Congress International (SBCCI)
1997 Uniform Building Code (UBC) of the
International Conference of Building Officials
(ICBO)
2000 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
101 Life Safety Code

76
Areas of Concern

Press Box Construction
Number of Seats to an Aisle
Required Plumbing Fixtures
Aisle Width
Accessibility
Foundations
Use of Space Below Bleachers/Grandstands

77
Landscape Design

Aesthetics
Function
Safety

78
Groundskeeping Planning Responsibilities

Management
Maintenance
Equipment

79
Special considerations in Landscape Design

Surface and subsurface irrigation and drainage
Parking
Chemical handling and storage

80
Parking Design

Aesthetics
Natural Barriers
Man-made Barriers
Function
Safety
Type of System
Type of Dispensers

81
Parking Safety Strategies

Emergency telephone system
Glass panels in stairwells
Video cameras
Parking attendants

Lighting levels
Procedures to enhance safety awareness
Safety programs such as escort services

82
Planning Parking Facilities

Traditional Parking Paradigm
Central pay stations
Smart Cards
Debit Cards
Proximity Cards
Weaknesses of Traditional Paradigm

83
Planning Parking Facilities

Customer Oriented Parking
Reserved Spaces
Core Area Parking
Perimeter Area Parking
Designated Motorcycle Parking
Carpool/Vanpool Parking
Bicycle Parking
Shared Parking
Economic Incentives

84
Level of Maintenance

Landscaping Care
Striping
Painting
Sweeping
Pavement Cleaning
Relamping

Replacement of Signs
Window Washing
Trash Removal
Snow Removal

85
Funding of the Parking System

Permits
Metered Parking
Designated Visitor Parking
Parking for Special Events
Parking Tickets

86
Budget for the Parking System

Administration
Maintenance
Repair and Renovation
Deferred Maintenance
New Construction
Reserves
Alternate Transportation Options

87
Parking Technology

Equipment to monitor parking structure activity
Central pay stations
Debit Card Systems

88
Design Considerations for Maintenance and
Operations

Workshops
Storage
Janitorial Closets
Laundry Facilities
Office and Administrative Space
Staff Break Rooms with Locker Facilities

89
Central Custodial Complex

The size and function of the central custodial
complex will be base on
The size of the building, and
The nature of the programs being conducted.

90
Administrative Space Requirements

Desk
Filing Cabinets
Communication Equipment
Networked Computer and Printer

91
Generic Concerns for Building Maintenance

Standardize building fixtures and equipment
Logistical concerns
Access of building operating equipment

92
Tennis Courts

Prevailing winds, natural barriers
Visual background
Contour of land
Orientation
Surfacing
Slope
Fencing

93
Types of Courts

Porous
Non-porous
Initial cost
Cost of upkeep
Amount of use
Area of country
Maintenance personnel needed

Type of players
Level of competition
Age of players

94
Court Surfaces

Clay
Grass
Soft composition
Asphalt
Concrete
Hard composition
Synthetic

95
Tennis Courts-Miscellaneous Considerations

Lighting
Storage areas
Parking areas
Water fountains
Electrical outlets
Spectator seating
Surface color

96
Paddle Tennis

Dimensions
Safety space
Posts
Surfaces

97
Paddle

Dimensions
Net and anchoring
Markings
Surfaces
Backwalls
Portable courts

98
Platform Tennis

Dimensions
Nets
Area
Backstop
Surface

99
Badminton

Dimensions
Court
Ceiling clearance
Safety distance

100
Basketball

Indoor/Outdoor
Dimensions
Markings
Flooring/surfacing
Orientation

101
Volleyball

Dimensions
Markings
Safety space
Net height
Standards
Light fixtures
Outdoor Sand Volleyball Courts

102
Racquetball, Handball, and Squash Courts

Dimensions
Design considerations
Walls
Materials
Floors
Doors
Markings

Lighting
Acoustics
Ventilation
Storage
Signage

103
Shuffleboard

Dimensions
Markings
Orientation
Level areas
Portable courts

104
Croquet

Six-Wicket
Nine-Wicket
Dimensions
Stakes
Boundries

105
Fencing

Dimensions
Markings
Ceiling clearance
Electric foil and epee
Electrical outlets

106
Safety considerations in selecting field acreage

Size
Proximity to
streets
railroads
water courses
trenches
ponds
storage yards
Soil suitability

Climatic
noise
odors
smoke
dust
Visibility of entire area
Protective perimeter
Illumination of area

107
Safety considerations in Selecting Field Acreage

Space for multiple fields
Baseball/softball concerns for spectators
parking
foul balls
home runs
over throws
Site conditions

Space
safety zones
obstructions
Circulation
Access
Utility lines

108
Field Safety Concerns

Size of field
safety buffers
proximity to other fields, buildings, and parking
Access
Parking
Illumination of the field

Spectators
Handicapped accessibility
Fences
height
padding
buffer zone
Materials used

109
Field Turf Options

Synthetic
Natural

110
Seating Considerations

Conforms to ADA guidelines
Railings
Enclosing spaces under seats
Enclosing structure to gain additional storage
space
Aisles with railings

111
Field Orientation

North to South
Baseball/softball establish an orientation that
avoids the batter/catcher and pitcher from facing
directly into the early morning or late afternoon
sun.

112
Fencing

Height - 6 to 8, 8 preferable
Sturdy enough to support players weight and/or a
wind screen
Top covered with colorful vinyl tube
In front of dugouts
Post on outside of fence fabric
No closer than 50 to sidelines/foul line

113
Drainage

Subsoil 80-90 sand
Crowned playing field, not exceeding 1/4 per
foot
Sidelines drainage at least 5 from playing field
French drains along sidelines

114
Irrigation

Types
underground throughout playing field
underground along the perimeter of playing field
above ground with portable piping and sprinkler
heads

115
Planning Concerns for Irrigation

Tie-ins for drinking fountains hose bibs
Liquid fertilization options

Participant safety
Type of sprinkler heads
Watering pattern layout
Source of water
Timing system
Winterizing

116
Sport Field Planning Tips

Have good construction specifications
Have good communications
Be able to compromise solve problems
Use sound agronomics
Follow a good fertilization, irrigation, and
mowing program

117
Planning Concerns for Press Box

Table(s) for reporters or broadcasters
Comfortable chairs
Phone hook ups
Computer hook ups
Electrical outlets
Coffee maker
Filming area

Specific areas for press, radio announcers,
scorekeeper, PA announcer, coaches, and scouts

118
Rest Room Planning

Twice the number for women
Changing areas for babies
Waste disposal for diapers
Handicapped accessible
Flourescent lighting
HVAC

119
Scoreboard Planning

Scoring
Periods or innings
Balls, strikes, outs
Injury time
Penalty time remaining
Times places by lanes

Diving scores by judge, degree of difficulty,
total points scored, ranking after X number of
dives
Roster
Players vital statistics
Advertising
PA system

120
Scoreboard Planning continued

Multiple functions for various sports using the
field complex
Close-ups of players and spectators
Video capabilities
Time of day
Scores from other games

121
Storage Planning

Riding lawn mowers
Push mowers
Tillers
Weed eaters
Shovels, racks, and hoes
Utility vehicles
irrigation pipes

Hoses sprinkler heads
Field liners
Goals
Field flags
Benches
Waste containers
Protection screens

122
Storage Planning

Pitching machines
Tarps
Fertilizers, insecticides, and talc
Paint
Chains, yard markers, padding for goal posts

123
Planning for Baseball/Softball Fields

NFHSA, NCAA, NJCAA, Softball USA, NAGWS Rules
Bases
stationary bases
modified stationary bases
release-type bases
throw down bases

Skinned infield
Turf infield outfield
Pitchers mound
Base paths
Warning tracks
Backstop
Players bench area
Batting cage

124
Planning for Baseball/Softball Field

Bull pen
Size
Multi-field Complex
Spectators
Rest Room area
Concessions
Spectators
Press Box

125
Other Fields

Football
Field Hockey
Lacrosse
Soccer
Rugby
Bocci

126
Planning a Track and Field Complex

Site analysis
Drainage
Stable, well-built base
Quality synthetic surface
Accurate markings
Track curb
Wind

Throwing events
Jumping events
Good soil
Water jump
Basic shapes
equal quadrant track
non-equal quadrant track
Broken-back track

127
Planning a Track Field Complex

Runways
Take-off boards
Starting systems
Spectator seating
Surfaces
Asphalt-bound
polyurethane-bound
SBR or EPDM
latex-bound

128
Planning a Cross Country Complex

Starting Finish
Storage Parking
Mens and womens course
3 KM, 5KM, 8KM
Paths should be 10 M wide
Course markings

129
Leisure Pool Features

Water falls
Fountains
Whirlpools
Current channels
Lazy River
Participatory water play apparatus

130
Leisure Pool Design Considerations

Cost
Operating costs
Life cycle costs
Long-term popularity

131
Planning Considerations for a New Swim Center

Need analysis
Programming
Funding
Future needs

132
Design Options

Basements
Pool shell construction
cast-in-place concrete
Pneumatically applied concrete
Structural features
Fenestration
Dehumidification
Materials Finishes

133
Technical Considerations

Dimensions
Interior Finishes
Gutter Systems
deep recessed
deck level
rollout
Gutter construction
cast-in-place
fabricated or steel

Pool filters
sand
diatomaceous earth
cartridge
Chemical treatment
Movable bulkhead
Movable floors
Diving facilities

134
Technical Considerations

Drainage
Building envelope
Support spaces
dressing rooms
offices
first aid area
meet management area
Dehumidification

HVAC
Maintenance repair
Safety features
Signage
safety equipment
safety ledges
recessed ladders

135
SAFE Playgrounds

Supervision
Age Appropriate
Falling
Equipment

136
General Planning Considerations

Supervision Design Considerations
Age Separation
Sight Lines
Zones for Play

137
Age Appropriate Design Considerations

Correct Size
Developmental Characteristics
Physical Layout

138
Considerations for Proper Surfacing

Environmental Conditions
Management Requirements
Cost Factors
Characteristics of Users
Maintenance Requirements
Equipment Requirements
Accessibility

139
Site Analysis (Environmental)

Soil and Geology
Drainage
Topography
Vegetation

140
Site Analysis (Man-Made)

Utilities
Roads
Use Zones
Land Use
Access

141
Three Factors to Consider When Installing
Equipment

The planning for installation,
The actual installation of the equipment and
surfacing, and
The liability issues related to the installation.

142
Five Factors in Installing Planning

The manufacturer of the equipment,
The manufacturer of the surface,
The materials needed,
Who will perform the installation, and
Budgetary factors.

143
Master Plan Concept

Community Involvement
Planning for Urban Areas
Multiple Use
Eliminating Architectural Barriers

144
Indoor Community Areas Facilities

Planning Units
General Recreational Buildings
Neighborhood Center
Community Center
Multi-Purpose Room
Gymnasium
Locker and Shower Rooms

145
Indoor Community Areas Facilities (cont.)

Stage and Auditorium
Game Room
Kitchen
Lounge and Lobby
Storage Areas
Club or Classrooms
Photography Room

146
Indoor Community Areas Facilities (cont.)

Music Room
Auxiliary Gyms
Instructors Office
Checkroom
Art Center
Pre-School Center
Senior Citizen Center

147
Indoor Community Areas Facilities (cont.)

Swimming Pool (Natatorium)
Teen Centers

148
The Neighborhood Center

Multi-purpose room
Gymnasium
Arts Crafts
Game Room
Kitchen

Restrooms
Lounge and Lobby
Office
Large Storage Areas

149
The Community Center

Multi-purpose rooms
Gymnasium
Shower and Locker Rooms
Stage and Auditorium
Art/Dance/Music/Drama
Game Room

Kitchen
Restrooms
Lounge Lobby
Office
Large Storage Areas
Clubs/Classrooms

150
Outdoor Facilities Open Spaces

Standards
Park and Recreation Areas
Playlot/Mini-Parks
Neighborhood Park
Community Parks Playfields
City-Wide or District Parks

151
City-Wide or District Park

Field for baseball, football, soccer, and
softball
Tennis center
Winter sports facilities
Day-camp center
Picnic areas
Cycling paths
Swimming pools

Water sports lake
Pitch-and-putt golf course
Recreation building
Nature trails
Skating rinks
Playlot apparatus
Parking areas
Outdoor theater

152
Special-Use Areas Facilities

Walking trails
Bicycle pathways
Bridle paths and rings
Exercise trail
Golf course
Marinas and boat ramps
Roller and ice skating

153
Special-Use Areas Facilities

Ice Hockey
Curling
Performing Arts
Archery Range
Bocce Ball
Shuffleboard
Croquet

154
Snow Sports

Ski Courses
Cross-Country Skiing
Coasting, Sleighing, Tobogganing
Snowmobiling

155
Type A Space Requirements

Gym floor
Mat areas
Swimming pool
Court areas
racquetball/handball
tennis, badminton
walleyball
sand volleyball

156
Type B Space

Sport field spaces of all types
Fitness trails
Court spaces
Swimming pool

157
Type C Spaces

Sports fields and building
Intramural and general outdoor recreation areas

158
Campus Recreation Facility Spaces Indoor

Large multipurpose gymnasium
Smaller auxiliary gymnasiums
Swimming pool
Combative space
Climbing Wall
Strength training

Cardiovascular
Free weights
Handball/Racquetball/walleyball courts
Golf room
Dance exercise area
Game room
Lounge

159
Campus Recreation Facilities Spaces Indoor

Lobby
Archery, rifle, or pistol range
Concessions area
Rental area
Offices
Conference room
Storage

Pro shop
Training room
Locker rooms
Roller blade hockey space

160
Campus Recreation Facility Spaces Outdoor

Lighted fields
touch/ flag football
soccer
field hockey
baseball
rugby
Lighted courts
basketball, volleyball
badminton, tennis

Horseshoe pits
Lighted rollerblade hockey court
Lighted fitness trail
Lighted skating rink
swimming pool
Storage building
Maintenance building

161
Campus Recreation Facility Spaces outdoors

Lighted walking trails
Golf course
Lighted driving range
Lighted practice green
Bocci field
Croquet field
Tennis practice board

Soccer kicking wall
Picnic areas with shelters
Ropes course
One-wall racquetball/handball court
Sand volleyball

162
Assessing needs of Existing Facility

Strength training goals
Type of training to be used
Season priorities
Age ranges of clients
Usage schedule
Repairs/modifications
Safety

163
Planning the Layout

Visualize the present and potential locations of
equipment
Organize for safety
Identify areas of frequent travel
Develop facility flow
Select supervisor station location

164
Flooring

Wooden
Tile
Resilient rubber
Interlocking mats
Carpet

165
Walls

Sound proofing
Mirrors

166
New Facility Considerations

Programs
Size
Walls
Floor platform(s)
Ceiling
Electrical
Climate control

167
New Facility Considerations continued

Sound, and audio/visual
Storage
Security
Testing area
Cardiovascular area
Mechanized weight area
Free weight area

168
Testing Area Considerations

Size
Walls
Floor
Ceiling
Electrical
Climate Control
Plumbing
Security

Sound
Storage

169
Why a Climbing Wall?

Integral part of an adventure program
Use a climbing groups or individuals
High profile architecture
Efficiently use an under utilized area of a
facility
Training facility for climbers
An additional fitness development opportunity

170
Planning Questions

Who will be the users?
Will the wall be a stand-alone entity?
Will the wall be used in conjunction with other
facilities?
How will the project be funded?
Is this a new or retrofit of an existing
facility?
How much space is available?

171
Planning Questions

How important are aesthetics?
What type of flooring will be best for the
facility?
Do the design features promote safety, minimize
maintenance problems, and meet program needs

172
Design factors

Wall surface real rock look, seamless cement,
panels, wood
Wall height bouldering wall 12 Commercial
height 25 to 35 competition wall 35
training wall 40
Portable walls
Climbing treadmills
Wall features number, type, and location of
handholds, cracks, aretes (corner), depressions,
overhangs, caves, ledges, etc.

173
Design Factors

Wall structure wall sub-structure must be
designed to hold weight of climbers, movement of
climbers, and impact of climbers
Security
Storage
Flooring movable landing mats, thickly padded
carpeting, 6 of rubber pieces or gravel
flooring extends 6 out from furthest protrusion
of the wall

174
Climbing wall types

Homemade
Prefabricated panel system
Portable walls
Climbing towers

175
Climbing Equipment

Ropes
Harnesses
Helmets
Belay system
Locking D carabiners
Climbing shoes

176
Safety Standards for Walls

Supervisors are qualified instructors
Emergency equipment available
CPR and First Aid training for personnel
Periodic in-service training
Policies and emergency procedures must be posted

Climbers must show proficiency in belay
techniques, rope handling skills, climbing
signals
Facilities regularly inspected
Negative air pressure maintained in indoor
facility
Wall surface moderately abrasive

177
Challenge Ropes Courseslearning objectives

Commitment
Communication
Fun, exhilaration, challenge
Risk taking
Fear management
Team work
Leadership
Ability to follow
Problem solving

Safety education
Trying to ones best
The joy of effort
Exceeding ones perceived limits
Trust
Cooperation
Compassion
Physical fitness
Coordination

178
General Elements of Low Ropes Course

Rope swing on knotted rope
Spiders web
Hanging tire
Traversing and balancing the swinging log
Tension traverse on low cable wire with overhead
rope

Traverse the diverging cable wires
Balance beam traverse
Low wall
Higher log beam
Swinging tires traverse
Catwalk or twin cable wire feet only traverse

179
High Challenge Ropes Course

Vertical rope ladders, cargo nets, or log rungs
Centipede poles with staples, firecracker ladders
Inclined log, fidget ladder, or beam
High and low cable bridge traverse

Zip wire on a pulley
Trapeze dive
Pamper pole or high pedestal
Trapeze or knotted rope swing
Twin wire cable or rope traverse
Cable traverse with hanging rings or vertical
ropes for hands

180
Ropes Course Maintenance

Use pressure treated lumber
Weatherproof wood parts
Use only healthy trees with a solid root system
as support trees
Use wood chips or bark mulch around the base of
trees

Immediately replace dead or insect infected trees
Trim and cleared broken or overgrowing limbs
Remove splinters and rough edges on all wood
parts
Replace and repair all rotten or cracked wood

181
Rope course maintenance

Reset protruding mails
Check for rotting of the poles in the ground
Use only galvanized metal items (I.e., bolts,
cables, cable locks, rapid links)
Tighten nuts and bolts, turnbuckles, and clamps

Temporarily cover all frayed cable ends
Cover all frayed areas with permanent sleeves
Inspect cables for smoothness
Cables should be 3/8 wire rope that is 7 x 19 (7
stands with 19 wires per strand)

182
Challenge Ropes Course Equipment

Use Union International Association of Alpinists
certified climbing ropes and screwgate locking
carabiners
Install only stainless steel or galvanized
hardware
Have participants wear an adjustable harness

Maintain positive security while on the ropes
course using lobster claws
Minimize rope wear and damage by using a shear
reduction devise
Have a first aid available
Store equipment in cool dry place

183
Challenge Ropes Course Equipment

Lightning protection on high ropes courses
Require helmets be worn on high or dangerous
elements
Use a gravity break on a zip line element

184
General Planning Criteria

Location
Potential usage of area
Size of the area available
Access to public transportation
Drainage for the site
Access to public utilities
Noise pollution
Nuisance avoidance
Spectator seating
Parking and emergency access

185
General Planning Criteria

Safety
Safe spectator areas
Low-maintenance site
Adequate sight lines
Protective netting or barriers
Shaded areas
Drinking fountains
Lighting
Safety
Night lighting for activity

186
General Planning Criteria

Noise pollution
Light pollution
Orientation
Other activities
In-line skating
Rollerbladding
Recreational speed skating
In-line hockey

187
Ramp Construction

Wood Ramps
Concrete Ramps
Combination wood and concrete

188
Ski and Snow Boarding Areas

Strategic Planning
Topography
Orientation
Layout
Lodges and support facilities
Inside the lodge
Participant equipment

Operations equipment

189
Ice Rinks

Strategic planning
Size
Geographical concerns
Ice making
Sides
Artificial ice

190
Common Planning Considerations

Surface materials
Sound control and acoustics
Electrical systems and service
Climate control
Security
Climbing walls

Ropes and cargo nets
Storage
Shower and dressing rooms
Folding partitions or curtains
Office space for PE teachers

191
Floor Surfaces

3 Distinct Types
Hard wood
Maple
Resilient synthetic
Tartan
Common surfaces
Tile
Ceramic tile
Rug

192
Sound Control and Acoustics

Sound is transmitted in a variety of ways
Ventilating ducts
Pipes
Spaces around pipe sleeves
Walls
Floors
Ceilings

193
Sound Control Solutions

Baffles or lining the ducts with sound absorbent
and fire resistant materials can reduce sound
transmission.
Double wall construction.
Install machinery on floating or resilient
mountings.
Properly locate doors and windows

194
Electrical Illumination System Considerations

Maintenance
Repair
Replacement
Cleaning

195
Gymnasium Lighting

Most commonly used systems are
Incandescent
Fluorescent
Mercury-vapor
Sodium-vapor
Metal halide

196
HVAC System Considerations

Economy of operation
Flexibility of control
Quietness of operation
Capacity to maintain desired thermal conditions

197
Security

2 ways to accomplish security
Constructing the facility according to a plan
that allows for maximum security.
Adopting an administrative plan for the direction
and control of all persons using the building.

198
Climbing Walls, Ropes and Cargo Nets-Safety Issues