Climate Change and Energy: Issues, Prospects and Challenges for Sustainable Development in Nigeria

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Climate Change and Energy Issues, Prospects and
Challenges for Sustainable Development in Nigeria

• By
• Dr J-F.K. AKINBAMI
• Energy Technology and Management Division
• Centre for Energy Research and Development
• Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
• E-mailakinbami_jfk_at_yahoo.com
• GSM 234-(0)803-719-5198
• Presented at the
• CAPACITY BUILDING WORKSHOP FOR HOUSE OF
  REPRESENTATIVES COMMITTEE ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND
  THE MEDIA
• HAMDALA HOTEL, KADUNA, MAY 21 -24, 2009

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OUTLINE

• Background
• Energy Issues
• Climate Change
• Sustainable Development
• Key Mitigation Technologies Practices
• Relationship between Emissions Mitigation and SD
• Effects of Climate Policy on other
  Factors/Sectors
• Climate Change and Other Issues
• Co-Benefits of Climate Action
• Changing Development Paths
• Opportunities and Challenges to Emissions
  Mitigation Technologies in Nigeria

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Background - Energy

• Energy is an essential input to a nations
  economic growth and development. In Nigeria,
  energy plays a dual role. In addition to being an
  essential input to all economic activities, it is
  also the countrys major foreign exchange earner.
  Increasing reliable and adequate supply of energy
  will be needed to support all the economic
  activities of the country in the nations
  developmental programs to attain an enviable
  standard of living for its citizens.

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Energy (Contd)

• Expectedly, as a developing country, historical
  energy consumption pattern reveals an increasing
  trend as evidenced by Figure 1. As energy
  consumption is fundamental to economic
  development, it is also a precursor of
  environmental emissions.

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Energy (Contd)
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Energy (Contd)
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Energy Contd
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Energy (Contd)

• Presently, Nigerias energy supply system is
  characterized by technical inefficiency and gas
  flaring. In addition to these and as a result of
  the expected increase in future energy demand,
  there will be increased greenhouse gas emissions
  which will also increase the total build up of
  greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

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Energy (Contd)

• For example, CO2 emissions from the energy system
  were 78 million tonnes (MTon) in 1980, 83 MTon in
  1985, 90 MTon in 1990 and 98 MTon in 1995. This
  implied that between 1980 and 1995, CO2 emissions
  increased at an annual average rate of 1.5. At
  this rate, CO2 emission would be 106, 114 and 123
  MTon in 2000, 2005 and 2010 respectively. Hence
  measures to either mitigate the emissions or
  sinks to absorb them need to be put into the
  system.

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Energy (Contd)

• The threat, climate change, posed by the
  continued emission of greenhouse gases into the
  atmosphere calls for a global action to combat
  it. Climate change has been described by
  scientists, environmentalists and politicians as
  a threat unprecedented in human experience.

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Equivalent carbon dioxide

• Equivalent CO2 (CO2e) is the concentration of CO2
  that would cause the same level of radiative
  forcing as a given type and concentration of
  greenhouse gas. Examples of such greenhouse gases
  are methane, perfluorocarbons and nitrous oxide.

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Equivalent carbon dioxide(Contd)

• Carbon dioxide equivalency is a quantity that
  describes, for a given mixture and amount of
  greenhouse gas, the amount of CO2 that would have
  the same global warming potential (GWP), when
  measured over a specified timescale (generally,
  100 years). Carbon dioxide equivalency thus
  reflects the time-integrated radiative forcing,
  rather than the instantaneous value described by
  CO2e.

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Background Climate Change

• The various definitions of climate change in the
  literature presuppose a definite change in
  climate which may be due to both anthropogenic
  activities and natural variability and this
  change refers to statistically significant
  variations in climate that persist for an
  extended period typically of at least decades.
  This change also includes shifts in the frequency
  and magnitude of sporadic weather events as well
  as the slow continuous rise in global mean
  surface temperature (Swedish Environmental
  Protection Agency, 2002).

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Climate Change (Contd)

• The IPCC in its 1995 Climate Change Report
  concluded that there was a discernible human
  influence on the earths climate. This gives an
  indication that the observed human influence
  can be thoroughly examined with a view to
  curtailing and containing their negative impacts
  on the climate.

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Climate Change (Contd)

• The threat of global climate change has been
  described as the biggest environmental challenge
  of the 21st century. It is hard to conceive of a
  more difficult policy issue to analyse than
  global climate change. The climatological
  dynamics are mind-numbingly complex, while the
  scope of the policy issues raised, encompassing
  economic, ethical, social, and even political
  aspects, seem limitless.

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Climate Change (Contd)

• Views on global climate change range from doom
  sayers who predict, and perhaps even look forward
  to, humanity's eventual demise to nay sayers who
  either deny the existence of global climate
  change or even welcome it.

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Climate Change (Contd)

• However, climate change policy framework should
  be realistic and should form an integral part of
  the national development planning process in
  every country. Such framework will focus on
  policies at the national level to be implemented
  for the purpose of ameliorating the negative
  impacts of global climate change.

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Background - Sustainable Development

• While the World Commission on Environment and
  Development (WCED) through the well-known
  Brundtland Commission Report provided the
  baseline conceptualization of sustainable
  development, 2 of the many interpretations of
  this concept predominate the literature. These
  are

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Sustainable Development (Contd)

• Wealth Approach
• This recognizes SD as that which fully
  appreciates the value of natural and built
  capital so that the next generation can inherit a
  stock of assets no less than those inherited by
  the preceding generation and thereby maintain
  intergenerational equity.

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Sustainable Development (Contd)

• Mosaic Approach
• This breaks SD into 3 main components
• Ecological sustainability which requires that
  development is compatible with the maintenance of
  ecological processes
• Economic sustainability which requires that
  development be economically feasible and,
• Social sustainability which requires that
  development be socially acceptable
• Hence SD is viewed in terms of ecological,
  economic and social sustainability

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Sustainable Development (Contd)

• Consumption of fossil fuels contributes
  significantly to the building up of GHG emissions
  globally
• Hence mitigation options in the energy sector
  will play a crucial role in the overall climate
  change strategy.

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Key Mitigation Technologies and Practices

• Currently commercially available
• Improved supply and distribution efficiency in
  the Power sector, Oil Gas Sector
• Fuel switching from coal to gas
• Nuclear power
• Renewable heat and power (hydropower, solar,
  wind, geothermal and bioenergy

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Key Mitigation Technologies and Practicescontd

• Projected to be commercialized by 2030
• Carbon capture and storage (CCS) for gas
• Biomass and coal-fired electricity
• Advanced nuclear power
• Advanced renewable energy, including ocean
  energy, concentrating solar and solar PV.

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Two-Way Relationship between Mitigation and
Sustainable Development

• Climate policy can have positive or negative
  effects on other factors
• --Ancillary benefits of co-benefits
• CC ? SD
• Non-climate policies can influence GHG emissions
  as much as specific climate policies
• --Requires mainstreaming climate change in
  decision-making.
• SD ? CC

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Effects of Climate Policy on other Factors

• CC ? SD

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Climate Change and Other Issues

• Climate Change is a cross-cutting
  issue/phenomenon cutting across all sectors of an
  economy

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Examples of Side-effects of Climate Mitigation
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Sustainable Development

• Co-benefits of Climate Action (Country-specific)
• Reduced local air pollution
• Better housing
• Greater energy security
• Energy access
• Balance of trade benefits
• Biodiversity benefits with good forestry policy.

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Changing Development Paths

• Climate policy alone will not solve the climate
  problem
• Economic problem
• Energy problem, forestry, housing, water, etc
• Decision about macroeconomic policy, multilateral
  development bank lending, insurance practices,
  electricity market reform, energy security and
  forest conservation, for example, which may seem
  unrelated to climate policy, can significantly
  reduce emissions.
• Mitigation is not just an environmental problem
• Making development more sustainable can make
  major contribution to mitigation
• Need multiple actors involved
• Government, business (private sector), civil
  society, communities, families and individuals.
• At all scales international, national,
  regional, provincial, local

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Opportunities for Mitigation Technologies in
Nigeria

• Energy Efficiency
• Considerable scope for more rational energy use
  in Nigeria
• Both supply side and demand side efficiency is
  low, e.g.
• Supply side High T D losses gt30
• Demand side Boiler efficiencies in most
  industries are low.
• For instance a combustion analysis of boilers in
  a beverage plant in SW Nigeria revealed that it
  was possible to obtain a fuel saving of about 12
  by improving boiler efficiency alone. This would
  reduce the total energy cost of the plant by at
  least 1.1/ annum and also cut down CO2 emissions
  by at least 1071 tons/year

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Opportunities for Mitigation Technologies in
Nigeria (Contd)

• Most industries are sited in Metropolitan and
  Cosmopolitan environment such as Lagos State
• Statistics reveal that 55 of the total national
  petroleum products consumption takes place in
  Lagos State particularly in the transport sector.
  This can be greatly reduced through optimal use
  of available transport modes in the State

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Opportunities for Mitigation Technologies in
Nigeria(contd.)

• Fuel switching
• Huge gas reserve provides ample opportunity to
  switch to lower carbon fuel
• Challenges are
• the investment needed for gas infrastructure
• institutional framework for the industry
• pricing of gas, etc.

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Opportunities for Mitigation Technologies in
Nigeria(contd.)

• Elimination of flaring will lead to annual GHG
  emission reduction of about 24.7 million ton of
  CO2 equivalent.

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Opportunities for Mitigation Technologies in
Nigeria(contd.)

• Renewable Energy
• Opportunity for decentralized energy system exist
  e.g. Small Hydropower (SHP), Solar for water
  pumping, lighting etc., Wind Energy.
• Initial cost of devices is high but life cost is
  competitive with other energy sources.
• Integrated policy and vigorous implementation
  strategy is needed to facilitate rapid diffusion
  of RE in the nations energy mix.

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Opportunities for Mitigation Technologies in
Nigeria(contd.) Proposed strategy for
sustainable forest-energy-environment
interactions in Nigeria

• Technology option Time
  Region Targeted sector/income grp
  
• Small-scale Hydropower LT All regions
  with available resources Rural
• Improved Fuelwood Stove ST All
  regions Urban Poor Rural Populace
• Improved Kerosene Stove ST- MT All
  regions Urban
• Biogas MT
  All regions Rural
  Urban Poor
• Coal Briquette MT
  All regions especially coal deposits exist
  Urban
• Solar PV MT LT
  All regions Rural sector Medium/High
  income Urban Dwellers
• A mixture of agroforestry,
• afforestation and forest protection ST LT
  All regions

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Opportunities for Mitigation Technologies in
Nigeria(contd.)

• Industrial Energy Efficiency
• Improved Cookstoves
• Building Energy Efficiency
• Transportation Energy
• Mass Transit BRT in Lagos State
• Metroline
• Intermodal Transportation

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Opportunities for Mitigation Technologies in
Nigeria(contd.)

• Energy Generation
• Decentralised Energy Generation
• Solar PV
• Small Hydropower
• Wind Power
• Biodiesel using Jatropha Plant
• Waste to Power Production eg Oko-Baba Sawmill
  in Lagos State, Ijebu Ode, Ijebu North, Ijebu
  North East and Odogbolu Local Government Areas of
  Ogun State, Rice Husk in Rice Mills in Ebonyi
  State
• Biogas

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Essential Documents on Energy Issues in the
Country

• Some of the Documents needing the attention of
  the House with respect to Energy CC
• National Energy Policy
• Renewable Energy Master Plan
• National Energy Master Plan
• Petroleum Bill still being debated in the House

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Suggested Way Forward

• Existing Institution to address Climate Change
• While it can be said that there are existing
  institutions to address climate change . The
  Federal Ministry of Housing and Environment is a
  policy making body which makes it inadequate to
  also be the implementing body to address issues
  concerning climate change in the country, even
  though there ia a climate change desk in the
  ministry. The National Designated Office on
  climate change is presently like a baby without
  adequate parenting making it difficult to
  function properly.

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Suggested Way Forward (Contd)

• A National Climate Change Commission which is
  established and backed by an Act of the National
  Assembly, with well defined objectives and
  functions and adequate funding will be able to
  stand and address the issues of climate change
  and global warming and global cooling as they
  relate to Nigeria, West Africa sub-region, the
  African continent and the rest of the world. This
  I know the Hon House has started working on.

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Issues to be addressed by the Commission

• As is well known, climate change has many
  implications for national development andglobal
  futures for sustainability, equity and growth. 
  The effects of climate change permeate through
  all the sectors of a nations economy. Much
  current debate and policy action focuses on
  resolving future problems through
  the'mainstreaming' of climate change into
  development initiatives

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Issues to be addressed by the Commission (Contd)

• As the focal point on all issues relating to
  climate change in the country, some of the issues
  that the Commission will address include (but not
  exhaustive)
• a) Identifying the various causal agents of
  climate change in the country
• b) How to mitigate the causal agents of climate
  change and its consequences
• c) Identification of the degree of susceptibility
  and vulnerability of people groups and regions
  and communities in the country to climate change
  and its consequences
• d) How various people groups, regions and
  communities can adapt to climate change and its
  consequences

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Issues to be addressed by the Commission (Contd)

• e) Generate and establish a National Databank on
  climate change and its consequences for the
  country
• f) Generate empirical data for policy and
  decision making on climate change in the country
• g) Coordinate inter-agency and inter-ministerial
  cooperation on mitigating and adapting to climate
  change and its consequences
• h) Create awareness on climate change and its
  consequences to the policy and decision makers in
  both public and private sectors as well as to the
  general populace right down to the rural settings

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Issues to be addressed by the Commission (Contd)

• i) Role of curriculum development in the
  educational sector to introduce climate change
  mitigation and adaptation techniques and
  strategies into our educational system so as to
  inculcate a lifestyle of climate change
  mitigation and adaptation into our national
  psyche
• j) Roles of various tiers of government (local,
  state, federal) and even urban and rural
  communities and regions in climate change
  mitigation and adaptation
• k) Sub-regional, regional and other international
  cooperation to mitigate climate change and its
  consequences
• l) Promote research, development, demonstration
  and dissemination (R,D,DD) on climate change
  mitigation and adaptation science, technologies,
  strategies and techniques

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ACTION NOW!!!

• Action must be taken NOW! NOW!! AND NOW!!!
• To reduce the anthropogenic activities that
  enhance the negative effects of CC
• To put in place necessary structures and
  infrastructures for effective adaptation to both
  current and future impacts of CC

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• Thank you.