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Title: Music: An Appreciation 8th Edition by Roger Kamien


1
Music An Appreciation8th Editionby Roger
Kamien
  • Unit XI
  • ?????

Presentation Development Robert
Elliott University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff
2
Nonwestern Music
  • Reflects/expresses worlds diversity
  • Each culture has its music practice
  • Some have all 3folk, pop, classical
  • These musics influence western music
  • Especially true in the 20th Century
  • French composer Claude Debussy
  • British rocker George Harrison
  • Jazz artist John Coltrane

3
Chpt. 1 Music in Nonwestern Cultures
  • Characteristics of Nonwestern Music
  • It reflects its supporting culture
  • Frequently linked with religion, dance and drama
  • Often used to communicate messages relate
    traditions

Oral Tradition
  • Frequently transmitted by oral tradition
  • Music notation far less important than in western
    culture
  • Many cultures do not have a music notation
  • When they do, it serves as a record, not for
    teaching or performance

4
Chpt. 1-Music in Nonwestern Cultures
Improvisation
  • Improvisation is frequently basic to the music
  • Improvisation usually based on traditional
    melodic phrases and rhythmic patterns

Voices
  • Singing usually main way of making music
  • Vocal approach, timbre, and techniques vary
    throughout the world
  • Nasal sound
  • Strained tone
  • Throat singing
  • Many others

5
Chpt. 1-Music in Nonwestern Cultures
Instruments
  • Four types based upon sound production
  • Membranophonesstretched skin
  • Primarily drums
  • Chordophonesstretched string
  • Harp-type
  • Aerophonesperformers breath
  • Flutes, trumpets, etc.
  • Idiophonesinstruments body is sound generator
  • Bells, gongs, scrapers, rattles, etc.
  • Style and application within culture causes
    particular types of instruments to dominate
  • Strings allow great flexibility of pitch
  • Idiophones/membranophones rhythmic emphasis
  • Aerophones aid in outdoor performance
  • Geography materials availability influences
  • Religion also influences instrumentation

6
Chpt. 1-Music in Nonwestern Cultures
Melody, Rhythm, and Texture
  • Most nonwestern musics are monophonic
  • Sometimes accompanied by a drone
  • Some cultures use heterophony
  • All perform same melody with different
    ornamentation
  • Scales in nonwestern music are frequently quite
    different than western musical scales
  • Intervals between tones can be larger or smaller
  • Much nonwestern music has very complex rhythms

7
Chpt. 1-Music in Nonwestern Cultures
Interaction between Nonwestern and Western Music
  • Nonwestern music has been greatly impacted by
    western influences due to
  • Increased urbanization
  • Spread of technology
  • Almost worldwide access to recorded music
  • Some governments subsidize traditional music to
    preserve cultural heritage

8
Chpt. 2 Music in Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Africa is divided into two parts above and below
    the Sahara desert
  • Above Moslem, Arabic-speaking, music closely
    related to that of the Middle East
  • Below Extremely diverse, many religions,
    cultures, and languages (over 700)
  • Though Sub-Saharan music is diverse, there are
    some similarities
  • Complex rhythms and polyrhythms
  • Percussive sounds
  • Wide variety of instrumental ensembles
  • Vocal music usually a soloist responding chorus

9
Chpt. 2-Music in Sub-Saharan Africa
Music in Society
  • Music permeates African life from religion,
    entertainment, magic to rites of passage
  • It is so interwoven into life that the abstract
    word music is not used by many peoples
  • Closely associated with dancing in ceremonies,
    rituals, celebrations
  • Dancers frequently play and sing while dancing
  • Music is a social activityeveryone joins in
  • No musical notationpassed by oral tradition

10
Chpt. 2-Music in Sub-Saharan Africa
Elements of African Music
  • Rhythm and Percussion
  • Complex rhythms polyrhythms predominate
  • Dancers choose to follow any of the various
    rhythms
  • The body used as an instrument
  • Clapping, stamping, slapping thigh/chest

Vocal Music
  • Wide variety of sounds, even within a single piece
  • Call and response extremely common
  • Percussion ostinato frequently accompanies singers
  • Short musical phrases repeated to different words

Texture
  • Often homophonic or polyphonic
  • This is unlike most nonwestern musics
  • Same melody often sung at many pitch levels

11
Chpt. 2-Music in Sub-Saharan Africa
African Instruments
  • Idiophones
  • Most common African instrument
  • Most are of indefinite pitch
  • Xylophones, a favorite, come in many sizes
  • Talking drum w/ slit in side can produce 2-4
    tones

Membranophones
  • Used in many ceremonial work-pace applications
  • Drum manufacture often accompanied by special
    rites
  • Drums usually played in groupsmultiple players
  • Variety of shapes, sizes, and forms

Aerophones and Chordophones
  • Flutes trumpets (of wood horn) most common
  • Reed instruments less widespread
  • Chordophones plucked or struck, gourd resonators

12
Listening
Chpt. 2-Music in Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Song from Angola
  • Solo male voice, chorus, drums
  • Listening Guide p. 583
  • Brief Set, CD 458
  • Note Call and response
  • Short repeated rhythms
  • Vocal timbre
  • Complex percussion rhythms

13
Chpt. 3 Classical Music of India
  • Musical traditions date back over 3,000 years
  • Two main types of classical music
  • Hindustani secular, court music from Northern
    India (including now-Pakistan)
  • Absorbed many Persian elements due to Muslim
    Persian rulers
  • Karnatak temple music from South India
  • Developed along its own lines

Performers
  • Music viewed as a spiritual discipline
  • Oral traditionstudy by apprenticeship

Improvisation
  • Very important, sophisticated, developed
  • Guided by melodic rhythmic formula
  • Must study for years before allowed improv.

14
Chpt. 3-Classical Music of India
Elements of Indian Classical Music
  • Music is based upon the human voice
  • Pitch range limited to about four octaves
  • Highly embellished melody, both vocal and
    instrumental, is characteristic
  • Melodies almost always accompanied by a drone
    instrument

Melodic Structure Raga
  • Melody exists within a framework called a ragaa
    defined pattern of notes

Rhythmic Structure Tala
  • Rhythm is organized into blocks or cycles, each
    called a tala
  • Tala range from 3-100 beats in length
  • 6-16 is most common

15
Chpt. 3-Classical Music of India
Instruments
  • Vocal music most important in India
  • Many types of instruments
  • Many instruments associated w/ specific gods
  • Sitar most popular chordophone
  • Long necked, lute (guitar) like instrument
  • 7 plucked strings, 9-13 sympathetically vibrating
  • Drums of many sizes
  • Tabla and mridangam drums most common

16
Listening
Chpt. 3-Classical Music of India
  • Maru-Bihag
  • by Ravi Shankar
  • Listening Guide p. 588
  • Brief Set, CD 360
  • Note Raga and tala organization
  • Heavy reliance on stringed instruments
  • Extensive improvisation
  • Nonwestern musical form

17
Chpt 4 Koto Music of Japan
  • The Koto
  • Godan-Ginuta, by Mitsuzaki Kengyo
  • Listening Guide p. 593
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