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World War One Era

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Title: World War One Era


1
World War One Era
  • 1914-1919

2
1.) The World War I Era
  • In 1914 all five of Europes major powers went to
    war. Germany, and Austria- Hungary made up the
    Central Powers Russia, France, and Great Britain
    were called the Allies. Each side felt confident
    of a swift victory.

3
2.) Causes
  • On June 28, 1914 the heir to the
    Austrian-Hungarian throne, and his wife, the
    Archduke Francis Ferdinand and Sophie were
    assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia
  • Serbia had wanted Bosnia to rebel against the
    Austrian Hungarian Empire.
  • Austria Hungry demanded an apology from the
    Serbs, when they refused was declared.
  • -Russia allied with the Serbs began amassing
    troops. Germany demanded they stop and when they
    did not Germany declared war on Russia on August
    1.
  • -to attack on the east, the Germans had to go
    through France, Belgium and Luxembourg. This
    brought Great Britain into it because they were
    allied with Belgium.

4
3.) Stalemate
  • EAST -Germans reached 30 miles of Paris
  • -Neither side was able to gain more than a few
    miles
  • -The human cost was appalling
  • WEST --Austrian army took the Serbian capital of
    Belgrade. Turkey entered the war on the side of
    the Central Powers, and then Italy joined the
    Allies

5
4.) Modern Warfare
  • -Machine guns, grenades, artillary shells,
    poisonous gas were all used
  • -In the battle in 1916, the British lost 60,000
    troops
  • -morale sank
  • -began slaughtering prisoners of war, burned
    fields, poisoned wells, used naval blockades, to
    starve civilians on coastlines

6
5.) American Response
  • -most Americans favored the Allies. Germany was
    ruled by Kaiser Wilhelm who was an autocrat-a
    ruler with unlimited powers.
  • -Americans feared Germany and saw it as a
    frightening military power
  • -In the beginning of the war, the U.S. declared
    itself neutral-business interest came first and
    hoped the Central Powers would not interfere with
    their trade, but the U.S. began to get ready just
    in case
  • -The NSL (National Security League) was formed
    to promote patriotic education and the armed
    forces began recruiting large numbers of men and
  • training them

7
6.) Push for War
  • -German use of submarine warfare was an effective
    military tactic
  • -the U-boat (underseeboat) depend on the element
    of surprise and this was deemed uncivilized
  • -On May 12, 1915, Germany sank a British
    passenger liner, the Lusitania, in the Irish Sea
    because it was suspected of carrying weapons to
    the allies.
  • 1,198 people died (128 were Americans)
  • -President Wilson demanded compensation to the
    victims families and a promise not to use
    u-boats. Germany complied on the condition that
    it would stop sinking passenger ships if they
    offered no resistance to German search and
    seizure.

8
6.) Push for War contin
  • -However, they still continued. Wilson, then,
    authorized a huge loan to the Allies
  • -After Wilsons reelection and empty promises of
    keeping the U.S. out of the war
  • He authorized the arming of American merchant
    ships.
  • -When this measure went before the Senate, the
    anti-war Senators to prevent
  • It from being voted on used a tactic known as a
    filibuster
  • -meanwhile, Britain had intercepted a telegram
    from Germany to Mexico. In it, Arthur Zimmerman,
    Germans foreign secretary, propose an alliance
    with Mexico to keep the U.S out of Europe known
    as the Zimmerman note.

9
7.) Revolution in Russia
  • -1917-already had suffered 1.8 million losses,
    2.4 million prisoners, 2.8 million sick and
    wounded.
  • -revolutionaries over threw Czar Nicholas II and
    replaced him with a Republican government and
    took itself out of the war. The U.S. was needed
    desperately

10
8.) Resolution
  • -Germany sank the City of Memphis, Illinois and
    the Vigilancia on March 16 18
  • -Wilsons cabinet voted unanimously for war and
    he stated The world must be made safe for
    democracy.
  • -The war revolution passed 82 to 6 in the
    senate, and 373 to 50 in the House of
    Representatives and was signed by Wilson on April
    6

11
9.) Why did the U.S go to war?
  • -they had been involved already by supplying
    money and ammunitions.
  • -they wanted their markets opened up again for
    industry
  • -British propaganda had promoted an anti-Germany
    sentiment.
  • -Americans supported the idea of Democracy for
    all.

12
10.) The U.S. gets involved
  • -at first the U.S. saw themselves as associates
    rather than equal partners.
  • -they sent loans, naval support, arms, but no
    troops
  • -The Allies wanted more -they wanted even a
    token army, to boost morale
  • -In June, Wilson sent General John J. Blackjack
    Pershing and 14,500 men.
  • Pershing quickly realized he needed more troops

13
11.) Draftees and Volunteers
  • -Selective Service Act passed in Congress in
    May-authorizing a draft of young men for military
    service it was widely accepted.
  • -By November of 1918, 24 million men had
    registered for the draft. From these
  • 3 million were picked by lottery.
  • -Volunteers and National Guardsmen made up the
    remainder of what was called the American
    Expeditionary Force (AEF)
  • -25,000 of these were women, who volunteered to
    serve in uniform as nurses,
  • Driver, clerks, and telephone operators, and in
    private agencies

14
12.) Convoy System
  • -to get their troops and supplies overseas safely
    from attacks of u-boats, the troops and merchant
    ships were sent surrounded by destroyers

15
13.) American soldiers in Europe
  • -Infantry men were called doughboys because of
    their dumpling-shaped buttons on their uniforms
  • -Pershing kept his troops segregated from allied
    troops who were too used to defensive maneuvers.
    The American troops were also segregated by race.
  • -300,000 African Americans troops were kept
    separate and most never saw combat. (3,295 died
    or were wounded. None were allowed in the
    Marines, and the Navy and Army used them for
    menial tasks and manual labor in the camps.
  • -One troop, of African Americans, known as the
    Harlem Hell Fighters, convinced their officers to
    loan them to the French who did not practice
    segregation. This 396th infantry all received
    Croix de Guerre, the highest combat medal for the
    French.

16
14.) Women
  • -many women went to Europe on their own beginning
    in 1914 as volunteers in the Red Cross and
    YMCA-348 American women were killed during the
    war.

17
15.) End in sight
  • -with Russia out of the war in the East, Germany
    focused on France and Britain in the West in 1918
    and began to make headway.
  • -American forces came to the rescue and began to
    turn the tide of the war the marines refused to
    dig trenches and fought where they stood. Their
    fearlessness cost them greatly, but were
    successful.
  • -British tanks, a new machine, gave them
    protection as well as mobility and the Allies
    were finally able to break the German lines once
    and for all.
  • -Germany began to seek terms for ending the war.
    The U.S. did not want them to have any
    concessions. They wanted total surrender and
    soon the Germans were in full retreat.

18
15.) End in sight contin
  • -Allies began to use airplanes to drop bombs and
    practiced the first Arial bombing raids (not
    effective yet)
  • -The final Allied assault came on Sept. 26 over
    1 million A E F troops drove the Germans out of
    France and cut their supply lines.
  • -By the time, armistice, or ceasefire was
    called, the Kaiser had died. On November 11,
    1919 the guns were silent.

19
16.) Wars Toll
  • -more than 50,000 American soldiers died in
    battle, but this number was minute compared to
    European losses. Total number of soldiers and
    sailors is estimated to be 8 million. 20 million
    civilians were also killed during and after the
    war from fighting, starvation, and disease and
    injuries.

20
17.) Impact on the home front-economy
  • -taxes had gone up to pay for the war.
  • -Liberty Bonds were sold to raise millions of
    dollars for the war effort and then loaned to the
    Allies at low rates of interest. Sold by the Boy
    Scouts and Girl Scouts of America, they could be
    redeemed plus interest after the war.
  • -industry converted their production to war
    goods
  • -gasless days were introduced to save fuel and
    days were lengthened to reduce fuel consumption
  • -strikes were prohibited in companies that
    produced war supplies

21
18.) Home Life Impact
  • -Food consumption was regulated and the Gospel of
    the Clean Plate was promoted by women to reduce
    waste, no second helpings, no catering to
    different appetites, no eating between meals, no
    refreshments at parties, dances, etc.-one
    meatless a day a week was instituted.

22
19.) Hearts and minds
  • -Propaganda-films, pamphlets, newspapers and
    advertisements, articles, posters, were
    distributed to raise loyalty to the war effort.
  • -Spy fever/sabotage in America was deemed a real
    threat and approached near hysteria-nativism was
    revised-the National Security League preached
    100 American.
  • -The war promoted hostility toward Germans and
    anything German-they changed the name hamburger
    to the liberty burger and German measles to
    liberty measles, and people of German descent
    were treated horribly lynched, horse whipped, and
    vigilante justice was tolerated.

23
20.) Civil Liberties Repressed
  • -Espionage Act was passed in 1917-made illegal to
    interfere with the Draft
  • -Sedition Act in 1918 made it illegal to discuss
    anything disloyal about the American form of
    Government, the Constitution, or the army or
    navy. Government imposed censorship on the press
    and sued publications if they published anything
    seen as seditious. Former Presidential
    candidate, EugeneDebs received a ten year jail
    sentence for criticizing the government. He ran
    for president again in 1920 from jail.

24
21.) Cultural and Social changes
  • -The womens Land Army put women to work on
    farms.
  • -African Americans and Mexicans were recruited
    to work in the places white men had vacated.
  • -drinking was not allowed in 1919 (proposed in
    1917 because the grain was needed for food).
  • -women got the vote also

25
22.) Making Peace
  • -President Wilson on Jan. 8, 1918 delivered a
    peace program that attempted to create a treaty
    acceptable to all parties-which came to be called
    the Fourteen Points.
  • -It called for 1) an end to secret alliances
  • 2) The restoration of freedom of the seas.
  • 3) A reduction in armaments
  • 4) Europe to handle claims with respect to
    native population
  • 5) Austria-Hungry to allow its different
    ethnic groups to determine their futures-self
    determination

26
22.) Making Peace contin
  • 6) An association of nations to join together in
    a single organization to secure world peace
  • Peace Conference was held in Europe in January of
    1919-Wilson chose to attend him. His 14 points
    began to unravel and he was forced to
    compromise-self determination was abandoned, but
    the League of Nations was approved. It failed to
    pass in the U.S. though because Republican
    senators feared a loss of independence.

27
23.) The Peace Treaty
  • -The Big Four-Britain, France, Italy, and the
    U.S. dominated at the time 2nd (peace talks in
    March)
  • -The French demanded a 15 year control of all
    mineral resources in Alsace-Lorraine.
  • -The New Nations of Czechoslovakia and
    Yugoslavia were formed separate from
    Austria-Hungary
  • -The French and Britain wanted to cripple
    Germany. They demanded reparations-payments from
    its enemy for the economic injury it suffered
    during the war. They ruled that Germany owed 33
    million dollars to the Allies. Germany never
    forgave this humiliation. Germany refused to sign
    at first, but when the French threatened
    invasion, Germany signed the treaty at Versailles
    on April 28, 1920

28
24.) Postwar at Home
  • -most were upset that Wilson had promised U.S.
    involvement in the League of nations-To gain
    support he traveled the country to deliver
    speeches(36 in 23 days). He suffered a stroke
    and remained an invalid for the rest of his term.
  • -The biggest winners of the war were American
    businesses. The U.S. was now the Worlds richest
    creditor. Europe owed the U.S 11.5 billion
    dollars.
  • -a problem was there was no plan to reintegrate
    troops into American society. Jobs were scarce.
    Women were fired or voluntarily left so returning
    men could find work.
  • -disillusionment marked the post war years and
    an end to optimism was felt by all.
  • -African American troops came home with no
    prospect for jobs even though they were declared
    heroes. The U.S. was on the threshold of a
    stormy era the 1920s.
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