Periodic Table of Elements

1
Periodic Table of Elements
MEET THE ELEMENTS

• Pages 124-167
• Ch.4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 and 5.1

2
Dmitri Mendeleev

• He recognized patterns in the elements
  approximate atomic masses and their ability to
  bond with other elements.

3
http//172.26.64.6/?a3205s00064024e00071
900
4
Periodic Table

• Based on atomic masses and their ability to bond
  with other elements, Mendeleev constructed the
  first periodic Table.

5
The Atom

• Nucleus The core of the atom that contains two
  different subatomic particles.

6
The Atom cont

• Protons Have a positive charge.
• The number of protons equals the number of
  electrons.

7
The Atom cont

• Neutrons Have no Charge.

8
The Atom cont

• Electrons Negative charge.
• .

9
http//172.26.64.6/?a3205ch2
10
Atomic Numbers, Symbols and Mass

• Atomic number is the smaller number and the
  number of protons in the nucleus.

Element Symbol
47 Ag Silver 107.868
Element Name
Atomic mass is all the protons and neutrons added
together.
11
How to calculate of neutrons

• Atomic mass - Atomic number of neutrons

This element is Nitrogen. Its mass is 14. So
atomic of 7, minus atomic mass of 14, equals 7
neutrons.
Count the number of protons. What element is it?
12
How to Calculate Number of Electrons

• The number of electrons equal the number of
  protons.

7 electrons
7 protons
13

• http//172.26.64.6/?a3205s00075400e00081
  303
• http//172.26.64.6/?a3205s00082424e00090
  200

14
Please select a Team.

1. Team 1
2. Team 2
3. Team 3
4. Team 4
5. Team 5
6. Team 6
7. Team 7
8. Team 8

15
How many neutrons does Mn (Manganese) have?

1. 25
2. 55
3. 7
4. 30

16
How many Neutrons does K (Potassium) have?

1. 19
2. 20
3. 39
4. 11

17
How many Protons does Hg Have?

1. 80
2. 200
3. 120

18
How many Electrons does Hg Have?

1. 80
2. 200
3. 120

19
Team Scores
2 Team 4
2 Team 7
1.75 Team 2
1.5 Team 6
1.5 Team 8
1.4 Team 1
1.25 Team 3
0.5 Team 5


20
Isotopes

• When atoms of the same element have a different
  number of neutrons

21
Valence Electrons

• The electrons on the outermost ring or energy
  level that can be shared or transferred with
  other atoms to make compounds.

22
Valence Electrons and Bonding (ch. 5.1 pgs.
176-182) The number of valence electrons in an
atom of an element determines many properties of
that element, including the ways in which the
atom can bond with other atoms.
23
When an atom has a different of neutrons its
called a

1. Ion
2. Isotope
3. Proton
4. Element

24
What subatomic particle influences an elements
ability to bond?

1. Protons
2. Neutrons
3. Valence Electrons
4. Nucleus

25
Take out a piece of paper, stand up and stretch
26
WARM-UP

• What electrons influence an elements ability to
  bond with other elements to make compounds?
• What information does the periodic table tell us?
  
• What is an Isotope?
• Calculate the number of neutrons in the following
  elements Gold (Au), Mercury (Hg), Potassium (K)
  and Cobalt (Co).

27
Groups Families elements in a group have
very similar characteristics i.e. bonding,
reactivity, valence electrons
Periods- elements in a period are not alike, but
gradually change as you move from left to right.

28

• http//172.26.64.6/?a3205s00090100e00095
  515
• http//172.26.64.6/?a3205s00095515e00103
  511

29
METALS

• Almost 75 of all elements are classified as
  metals.

30
Properties of Metals

• Conductors Metals are good at conducting
  electricity.
• Malleable Ability to bend or pound into shapes.

31
Properties of Metals

• Ductile Pull or stretch into wire.
• Many are shiny, hard and magnetic.

32
Please select a Team.

1. Team 1
2. Team 2
3. Team 3
4. Team 4
5. Team 5
6. Team 6
7. Team 7
8. Team 8

33
What are the horizontal rows called on the
periodic table?

1. Periods
2. Groups/families

34
What is a characteristic of metals?

1. Gas
2. Stable
3. Good conductor
4. Brittle

35
Metals are malleable, which means

1. Pound or mold into shape
2. Brittle
3. Stretch into wire

36
What do all elements in a group/family have in
common?

1. Same of Valence electrons
2. Same of protons
3. Same of rings/shells/energy levels

37
What do all elements in a PERIOD have in common?

1. Same of Valence electrons
2. Same of protons
3. Same of rings/shells/energy levels

38
Participant Scores
5 Participant 11 5 Participant 1
5 Participant 8 5 Participant 2
5 Participant 13 5 Participant 25
5 Participant 10 5 Participant 17
5 Participant 18 5 Participant 26
5 Participant 21 4 Participant 14
5 Participant 5 4 Participant 4
5 Participant 23 4 Participant 19
5 Participant 28 4 Participant 27
5 Participant 16 4 Participant 24
39
Team Scores
5 Team 7
4.75 Team 6
4.5 Team 3
4.5 Team 5
4.25 Team 1
4 Team 4
3.25 Team 2
2.6 Team 8


40
Alloys

• Metals can easily combine into different mixtures
  of elements.

41
Examples of alloys

• Steel FeCCrV
• Bronze SnCu
• Brass CuZn
• White Gold AgAuZnCu
• Yellow gold AuCuNiZn

42
ALKALI METALS-Group 1

• So reactive that they are never found isolated in
  nature, only combined with other elements.

43
ALKALI METALS-Group 1

• Characteristics Properties
• Soft
• Shiny
• One valance electron makes them very reactive.

44
Write down the following

• Reactivity of Hydrogen demo
• Purpose To isolate and observe the reactivity of
  an alkali element H (hydrogen).
• Materials 250mL flask, mossy zinc, hydrochloric
  acid, balloon, string, funnel, meter stick, and
  matches.

45

• Place enough zinc into the flask to cover the
  bottom.
• Place the funnel on the mouth of the flask.
• Pour enough HCL into the flask to cover the zinc
  (about 2cm high)
• Quickly, but carefully remove the funnel and
  place the balloon over the mouth of the flask.
• Let the gas fill the balloon.
• Tie the string around the balloon and remove the
  balloon from the flask.
• Tie the balloon to a safe place.
• Attach a match to the end of a meter stick and
  light the balloon with the lit match.

46
The Hydrogen reacted so violently because it has

1. 3 protons
2. 1 neutron
3. 2 valence electrons
4. 1 valence electron

47
What family is Hydrogen in?

1. Alkali
2. Alkaline Earth
3. Transition
4. Halogens

48
The reaction wasZn HCl ? ZnCl H2What is
the correctly balanced equation?

1. Zn H2Cl ? ZnCl H2
2. 2Zn 2HCl ? 2ZnCl H2
3. Zn HCl ? ZnCl H2
4. 2Zn 3HCl ? 2ZnCl H2

49
The reaction wasH2 O2 ? H2OWhat is the
correctly balanced equation?

1. H2 O2 ? H2O
2. H2 O2 ? H2O2
3. 2H2 O2 ? 2H2O

50
Alkaline Earth Metals

• Group 2 metals.
• Very reactive, not as reactive as alkali metals
  due to having one more valence electron.
• Ca important for bones.

51
TRANSITION METALS

• All are good conductors of electricity.
• Fairly stable.
• Fe Iron is important for carrying oxygen in
  your blood.

52
Lanthinides and Actinides

• AKA Rare Earth Elements.
• Placed at the bottom of the table for
  convenience.
• They are in Periods 6 and 7.

53
Metalloids
Have some properties of both metals and
nonmetals. They are located on the zigzag line
between the metals and the nonmetals.

• Physical Properties
• Can be good at conducting electricity, therefore
  some are used as computer chips such as Si and
  Ge.

54
Non-metals

• Non metals lack properties of metals.
• They are on the right side of the periodic table.

O
Fe
Fe2O3 Iron Oxide Rust

• Non metals usually react with metals to make
  compounds.

• In general, metals give up electrons to
  non-metals.

55
Properties of Metals cont

• Reactivity Ability to react and combine with
  other elements. Some are more reactive than
  others. Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are some of
  the most reactive metals.

56
Please select a Team.

1. Team 1
2. Team 2
3. Team 3
4. Team 4
5. Team 5
6. Team 6
7. Team 7
8. Team 8

57
What group of elements do the metals commonly
bond with?

1. Non-metals
2. Rare earth
3. Alkali

58
What are the group 17 elements called?

1. Alkaline Earth
2. Rare Earth
3. Halogen
4. Transition Metals

59
Which elements are placed at the bottom of the
table for convenience?

1. Alkaline Earth
2. Rare Earth
3. Halogens
4. Transition

60
What is the Group/Family name of the elements in
BLUE?

1. Alkali
2. Alkaline Earth
3. Transition
4. Metalloids
5. Halogen
6. Noble Gas
7. Rare Earth

61
What is the Group/Family name of the elements in
RED?

1. Alkali
2. Alkaline Earth
3. Transition
4. Metalloids
5. Halogen
6. Noble Gas
7. Rare Earth

62
What is the Group/Family name of the elements in
GREEN?

1. Alkali
2. Alkaline Earth
3. Transition
4. Metalloids
5. Halogen
6. Noble Gas
7. Rare Earth

63
Participant Scores
0 Participant 1
0 Participant 2
0 Participant 3
0 Participant 4
0 Participant 5





64
Team Scores
0 Team 1
0 Team 2
0 Team 3
0 Team 4
0 Team 5





65
Write this?Predicting Reactions

• Elements become more stable as they gain more
  valence electrons.
• As a result, atoms will gain, lose or share
  electrons to form compounds so that they have 8
  valence electrons or a full shell.
• This is called the Octet Rule. However there are
  many exceptions, but this is an easy way to
  predict common reactions.

66
Atoms are happy when they have either only 2
valence electrons (He and H) or 8 electrons.
67
Families of Non-metals

• Carbon Family is group 14 and is the only
  non-metal in that group and is found in all
  living things.

68
Carbon needs 4e
Oxygen needs 2e
2 O on 1 C makes
CO2
69
Families of Non-metals

• Nitrogen Family is group 15 and Nitrogen makes up
  78 of the earths atmosphere.

70
Hydrogen can give 1e
Nitrogen needs 3e
3 H on 1 N makes
NH3
71
Families of Non-metals

• Oxygen family is group 16 and oxygen makes up
  approximately 20 of the earths atmosphere.

72
Oxygen needs 2e
Magnesium can give 2e
1 Mg on 1 O makes
MgO
73
Write this? Families of Non-metals

• The Halogen family is group 17. Each element has
  7 valence electrons, therefore it commonly takes
  one electron away from group one metals to make
  compounds.

74
Potassium can give 1e
Chlorine needs 1e
1 K on 1 Cl makes
KCl
75
Write this? Families of Non-metals

• The Noble Gases are group 18. They have 8 valence
  electrons, therefore they are very stable and
  non-reactive.

76
Hydrogen

• Not a part of group 1.
• Generally found as H2

• It doesnt fit into any other family because it
  is so different from all other elements.

77
Group 17 has 7 valence electrons and are called
the

1. Alkali metals
2. Alkaline Earth Metals
3. Halogens
4. Noble Gases

78
Group 18 has 8 valence electrons and are called

1. Alkali metals
2. Alkaline Earth Metals
3. Halogens
4. Noble Gases

79
What element would Na (Sodium) bond with?

1. Br
2. K
3. W
4. Al

80
What element would Mg (Magnesium) bond with?

1. Au
2. Na
3. Se
4. Kr

81
How many Hydrogen atoms would bond to one N
(Nitrogen)?

1. 6
2. 2
3. 8
4. 3

82
The Sun and Nuclear Fusion

• How does the sun produce energy?

• During nuclear fusion, two atomic nuclei collide
  and fuse.

83
Chemical compositions of Stars
Each element absorbs different wavelengths of
light and shows up as lines on a spectrum.
84
Temperature Stars at different temperatures
produce different line spectra.
85
Star Spectrums

• Astronomers can use line spectrums to identify
  the chemical elements in a star. Each element
  produces a characteristic pattern of spectral
  lines.

86
The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

• Astronomers use H-R diagrams to classify stars
  and to understand how stars change over time.

87
The Earths Seasons

• Equinox Two days of the year half way between
  the solstice, the earths axis is neither
  pointed away or toward the sun. The daylight
  hours are equal to the nighttime hours.
• Vernal Equinox or Spring equinox is on March
  21st
• Autumnal Equinox is September 23rd.

88
(No Transcript)
89
(No Transcript)