Emergence of River Valley Civilizations

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Emergence of River Valley Civilizations
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4 River Valley Civilizations

• Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia
• Tigris
• Euphrates
• Egyptian Civilization
• Nile River Valley (upper and lower Nile)
• Indus River
• Harrapan
• Mohen-jo Daro
• Hwang He
• Yellow River later civilizations focused on both
  Yangtze and Yellow River
• First dynasty is Xia then Shang

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Nile River Valley

• Because of its geography Egypt developed to
  become a peaceful civilization with a higher
  standard of living. People as individuals were
  treated with more respect here than in other
  civilizations of the time.
• The Nile River Valley is Surrounded on Four Sides
  by Natural Barriers
• Red Sea to the East
• Desert to the West
• Mediterranean to the North
• Mountains to the South

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Gifts of the Nile

• Predictable flooding
• Mild flooding therefore able to use river for
  irrigation
• Prevailing winds made trade possible both north
  and south on the river
• Rich deposits of clay, granite, sandstone
  limestone used for building
• Silt deposits rich for farming
• papyrus used for mats, rope, sandals, baskets,
  paper

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Major Pharaohs of Egypt

• Menes-
• United upper and lower Egypt in 3100 BC
• Ramses II
• Defeated the Hittites and returned Egypt to
  Egyptian rule.
• Nefertiti -
• influential wife of Amenhotep, mother-in-law to
  Tutkanamon.
• Amenhotep (later called Akhenaton)-
• moved the capital and changed worship from
  polytheism to monotheism. The main god became
  Amon Ra and only the royal family could worship
  him.
• Tutkanhamon-
• young Pharaoh found with his tomb intact.
• Hatshepsut
• female Pharaoh who stabilized Egypt, built many
  new structures which provided work for many.
• Cleopatra
• last Pharaoh of Egypt

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Rosetta Stone

• We didnt know as much about Egypt until the
  mid-1800s after the Rosetta Stone was allowed us
  to decipher the hieroglyphics of Egypt
• Napoleons officer discovered the Rosetta Stone
  (late 1700s)
• Deciphered by Champanion in early 1800s

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Fertile Crescent

• Deserts and mountains surround the Fertile
  Crescent to the north but because grass grew on
  these mountains it attracted wandering tribes who
  often attacked those living in the River Valley.
• City-states protected and isolated each group

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Natural Boundaries Unfavorable

• Both rivers overflow in an unpredictable manner
• The time of year could not be predicted.
• The magnitude of turbulence of the flooding could
  not be predicted.
• The area is called a "crossroad" because
  everyone who traveled or traded between Europe,
  Africa, and Asia traveled through this region,
  sometimes taking what they wanted

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Mesopotamian Trade
The Cuneiform World
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Gave rise to multiple empires within the general
region that controlled different territory but
had similar culture
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Assyria and its rivals
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The First Empire Builder

• Invasion and conquest were prominent features
  of the ancient Middle East. About 2300 BC,
  Sargon, the ruler of neighboring Akkad, invaded
  and conquered the city-states of Sumer. He built
  the first empire known to history.

Akkad (in green)
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Cuneiform Wedge-Shaped Writing
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Cuneiform Writing
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Hammurabis CodeBabylonian

• Stele or Stela Hammurabi
• 282
• Cuneiform

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Assyrian (1st Empire)911 BCE 612 BCE
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Middle Kingdom

• Himalayas, Kunlun Shan, Tian Shan
• Gobi desert
• Pacific Ocean to east
• rivers
• Hwang Hu (Yellow),
• Chang Jiang (Yangtze),
• Xi Jiang (West)
• yellow silt favorable climate make good farming

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Ancient Dynasties Mandate of Heaven

• Xia (first)
• 2100 BCE 1800 BCE
• Shang
• 1500BCE- 1100BCE
• Mandate of Heaven
• Zhou (longest)
• 1100BCE 256BCE
• Confucianism during Axial Age (ca. 500 BCE)
• Qin (Chin)
• China gets its name from this dynasty

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Mandate of Heaven

• Zhou Dynasty
• Family of rulers that have the approval of the
  ancestors
• Dynastic Cycle has added element much like a
  divine monarch creates a theocracy yet as earthly
  events appear and have a negative impact then it
  is assumed that the emperor has lost the approval
  of the ancestors and they have created the
  environment

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Are you Sleeping?

• Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
• Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
• Sui, Tang, Song
• Sui, Tang, Song
• Yuan, Ming, Manchu
• Yuan, Ming, Manchu
• Mao Zedong
• Mao Zedong

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Confucianism and Scholarly-Gentry

• Creates balance
• Yin and Yang
• Filial piety is the final link in the chain of
  continuity of the civilization

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Indus River Valley

• Harappan
• Mohenjo-Daro
• subcontinent of Asia water on east and west,
  mountain ranges on north
• Hindu Kush and Himalayas
• southwest monsoon brings heavy rain and flooding
• enriched soil, but sometimes great erosion

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Ancient Geographic Divisions in South Asia
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Cities of the Indus
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Mohenjo-DaroMound of the Dead
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Indus River Valley

• Destruction
• well-planned, citadels, grid of streets
• clay brick houses, plumbing with sewer system
• bronze and copper tools, gold and silver jewels,
  clay pots, spun and woven cloth

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Development of Region

• Early Food Producing Era (ca. 7000-5500 BC)
• Regionalization Era, (5500-2600 BC)
• Regional cultural development
• Subdivided into various eras
• Emergence of an Early Indus state ca. 2800 BCE
  and urbanization ca. 2600 BCE

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Drains Sewer Systems
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Successors to the regionVedic Era - Hinduism

• Aryans
• Rajas
• Indo-Europeans
• Caste System - called Varna which translates to
  color in the ancient language)
• Jati sub-castes

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Aryan Invasion Theory

• Sometime between 2500 and 1800 BCE
• Aryans began moving into India
• Apparently NOT the cause of the fall of Indus
  Civilization
• Farmers without written language
• Used Khyber Pass

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Political and Social Systems

• Tribe led by chief and tribal council
• Tribes formed small states
• Each state ruled by king and council of warriors

• Aryans looked down on conquered people
• Laws against marriage of Aryans with original
  valley dwellers
• Men permitted more than one wife
• Sons expected to be warriors and perform ritual
  at fathers funeral

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Economic System

• Mostly farmers
• Barley major crop
• Most owned their land
• Handicrafts in villages
• System of barter for goods
• Cattle later used as money

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Historical Geography

• Environmental determinism the manner in which
  humans and the environment interact.
• Man and his culture are shaped by their
  environment and while technology allows them to
  adapt, their underlying characteristics have
  already been shaped by their environment
• Systems within a civilization are influenced by
  the environment
• Humans change and adapt their environment with
  technology
• Technology are methods that are used by man or
  mans attempt to overcome his environment
• Possibilism is a different theory that holds that
  there is an interdependence between humans and
  their physical environment and that while the
  environment sets certain constraints, culture is
  shaped by man

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Olmec- 3500-2500 BCE- site La Venta

• Two environments Agricultural methods
• Slash and burn agriculture- forested uplands
• Irrigation riverine agriculture- riverine
  lowlands- u-shaped stone drain lines.
• 2 or more crops per year
• Maize, beans, squash
• Lowland riverine populous became the elite
• Chiefdom societies- with centers populated at
  circa 1000 each- rulers, elite, craftspersons
• Writing system but un-deciphered though
  indications of counting system- Maya used same
  counting system so this aspect is translatable.
• Items of trade
• Highlands- obsidian, jade and Magnetite, cacao
  (drink for nobility)
• Lowlands- mollusk, turtle shell, sharks teeth,
  and pottery
• 4 major redistribution/ceremonial centers-
• San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zapates, and Laguna
  de los Cerros
• Classic Maya- 2000- 800 BCE- sites Copan
  Palenque

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Classic cultures of the Americas
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Yin and Yang

• The light color area which indicates more
  sunlight is called Yang (Sun).
• The dark color area has less sunlight (more
  moonlight) and is called Yin (Moon).
• Yang is like man. Yin is like woman. Yang
  wouldn't grow without Yin. Yin couldn't give
  birth without Yang.
• Yin is born (begins) at Summer Solstice and Yang
  is born (begins) at Winter Solstice.
• Therefore one little circle Yin is marked on the
  Summer Solstice position. Another little circle
  Yang is marked on the Winter Solstice position.
• These two little circles look like two fish eyes.

http//www.chinesefortunecalendar.com/yinyang.htm
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The Spread of Bantu