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Title: Security and Privacy on the Internet


1
Security and Privacy on the Internet
  • A course on Internet Security
  • Security is a process. It is a journey.
  • --Bruce Schneier

2
Security and Privacy on the Internet
  • PREFERRED BACKGROUND
  • Internet Architecture, TCP/IP suite, POPs, NAPs,
    RAs, Peering, GigaPOPs
  • Evolving Requirements and architecture of
    Internet
  • Wireless and mobile protocols
  • Network Application Programming
  • Performance Measurement, tcpdump
  • The course An introduction to the issues of
    security in public distributed networks

3
Security and Privacy on the Internet
  • Security Planning, Policies and procedures
    Threats and Strategies digital rights
  • security services and mechanisms
  • Encryption methods and Secure Protocols, DES,
    AES Public Key algorithms VPN
  • Internet sniffing and scanning tools
  • Intrusion Detection, Intrusion Analysis and tools
  • General topics Viruses and enterprise anti-virus
    tools other applications like digital cash, code
    signing and anonymous e-mail

4
Grading Scheme
  • 60-564
    60-467
  • Project I 15
    15
  • Survey of Area 20 15
  • Class Test 20
    20
  • Final Exam 30
    35
  • Assignments 15 15
  • For 60-467, instead of the Survey, it would be
    Project II.

5
  • Why should we study Internet Security?
  • Practical (
    Mundane) Reasons

6
Examples those, who hold the keys to
the Kingdom
  • Jim Allchin, Microsoft's Windows chief said in
    Oct 2005, I'd already been through lots of days
    of personal training on the tools that are used
    to do hacking.
  • Researcher Dan Kaminsky found him to be quite
    knowledgeable about Hashing.
  • Researcher Matt Conover, while talking about a
    fairly obscure type of problem called a "heap
    overflow, asked the audience, made up mostly of
    vice presidents, whether they knew about this
    type of issue, 18 of 20 hands went up. (Blue Hat
    Conference at Redmond in Oct 2005)

7
A news-item
  • Privacy commissioner slaps Bell over traffic
    management
  • Jennifer Stoddart rules that Bell could better
    explain what it's doing with deep packet
    inspection, the technology it uses to slow
    traffic of bandwidth hogs
  • Reference Network World Canada  (03 Sep 2009)
  •  

8
Two news-items
  • The industry showed a significant level of
    dissatisfaction in the ability of companies to
    hire information security workers. --- from the
    Information Technology Association of Americas
    member survey of Sept 2003
  • Homeland security allocating money in 2003 for
    research in Security at US University so that
    more grads can become available for jobs in
    security.
  • Social Networks

9
  • Demand for IT security professionals is
    approaching levels not seen since shortly after
    the 9/11 terrorist attacks five years ago.
  • Emergency Warning to Employers Unless you begin
    immediately to increase hiring and intensify
    staff development in your security services and
    products, you will probably not have sufficient
    bench strength for a late 2007 crescendo in
    demand..
  • --Foote Partners LLC
  • http//www.footepartners.com/FooteNewsrelease_ITse
    curityskills_070207.pdf
  • as of Sept 6, 2007

10
Estimates of Market for Security Products
  • IDC Estimates Internet security market expected
    to grow exponentially
  • Yankee Estimate of market
  • Host Intrusion Prevention products and services
    60 million in 2002.
  • Prediction growth at a compound annual rate of
    52.7 percent to 520 million by 2007
  • secure content delivery products and services
    302 million in 2002.
  • Prediction for 2007 580 million.
  • Ironport The Web messaging security market to
    grow at about 25 annually. Reference
    http//www.ironport.com/company/pp_trading_markets
    _01-04-2007.html as of Sept 06, 2007

11
Jobs in Security
  • "From what we've seen on our site, and from what
    I've seen from the industry, security is not
    surprisingly very much in demand -- Nick
    Doty, Editorial Director of Techies.com
  • Average Salary Security Analyst (Reference
    http//www.esj.com/Columns/article.asp?EditorialsI
    D28 )
  • Entry (less than 1 year of experience) US
    54,090

12
.there will be more security breaches,
says Schneier
  • As more of our infrastructure moves online,
  • as more things, that someone might want to access
    or steal, move online .
  • As our networking systems become more complex
    ..
  • As our computers get more powerful and more
    useful..

13
  • Why should we study Internet Security?

14
Corporation is the network.
  • A company can compete in the global marketplace
    only if it has a strong underpinning of reliable
    and secure computing and communication
    infrastructure.
  • ? A network.
  • Which Network ?
  • The latest telephone network Advanced
    Intelligent Network
  • The Internet The Stupid Network
  • Ref Rise of the Stupid Network, David
    Isenberg, 1997, www.isen.com

15
Two laws and the User
  • Moores Power of PCs (measured in MIPS)
    increases an order of magnitude every 5 years.
  • Amdahls A Mb of I/O capability is required for
    every MIPS of processor performance.
  • But during 1980s and 90s
  • User Accessible Bandwidth at WAN level increased
    by an order of magnitude every 20 years.

16
Network-computing
  • Network-computing Requirements for I/O and
    communication speed grow at the same rate.
  • Assume that
  • Communication speed requirement 1/8(I/O
    capability)
  • Example processor power 1000 MIPS
  • I/O requirement 1000
    Mbps
  • Communication requirement 125 Mbps
  • Study of network architecture for providing
    secure and reliable high performance, with the
    required QoS an important area of research.

17
Problem of Security
  • Higher the available compute-power, easier it
    is to hack a system.
  • The network bandwidth of WANs increases at a rate
    much lower than the rate of increase of the
    available compute-power.
  • The amount of data being sent cannot be
    increased through padding.

18
  • Let us begin.

19
Introduction Security
  • RFC 1244, Site Security Handbook, by Holbrook,
    Reynold, et al.
  • Common sense the most appropriate tool that
    can be used to establish your security policy.
  • Elaborate security schemes and mechanisms
    useful only if the simple controls are NOT
    forgotten.
  • Knowledge ? Confidence ? flowering or
    non-blocking of Common-sense

20
Security planning
  • We want to find a program that "fixes" the
    network security problem. Few of us want to write
    a paper on network security policies and
    procedures.
  • Physical Security for network equipment and
    cables
  • against natural disasters like fire and
  • against mis-behavior by internal authorized users
  • is, in fact more important than the threats
    through
  • networks.

21
Security planning (contd)
  • Components of security planning
  •  Step 1 assessing the threat,
  •  Step 2 writing a security policy a statement
    of what is allowed and what is not allowed
    assigning security responsibilities.
  • Step 3 Choosing the mechanism, tools and
    methodologies to implement the policy
  • Let us begin with step 2.

22
Security Policy
  • Two Important Components
  • 1.Decentralized Control and
  • 2.Clear Definition of Roles and Responsibilities
  • Distributed Control through Subnets The subnet
    administrator and the system administrator
    responsible for their system security.
  • The subnet administrator allocates IP
    addresses and knows his users.

23
Security Policy Clear definitions
  • A network security policy should define
  • The network user's security responsibilities
  • The policy may require users
  • to change their passwords at certain intervals,
  • to use passwords that meet certain guidelines,
  • to perform certain checks to see if their
    accounts have been accessed by someone else.
  • Whatever is expected from users, it is
    important that it be clearly defined.

24
Security Policy (contd)
  • The system administrator's security
    responsibilities
  • The policy may require that
  • every host use
  • specific security measures,
  • login banner messages, and
  • monitoring and accounting procedures.
  • certain applications should not be run on any
    host attached to the network.

25
Security Policy (contd)
  • The proper use of network resources
  • Define
  • who can use network resources,
  • what things they can do, and
  • what things they should not do.
  • If users email, files, and histories of computer
    activity are subject to security monitoring, the
    users must be very clearly informed about the
    policy.

26
Security Policy (contd)
  • The actions taken when a security problem is
    detected
  • What should be done when a security problem is
    detected?
  • Prepare a detailed list of the exact steps that a
    system administrator, or user, should take when a
    security breach has been detected.
  • Example A user may be required to "touch
    nothing, and call the network security officer."
  • Who should be notified?
  • Prepare a disaster recovery plan so that when the
    worst does happen, you can recover from it with
    the minimum possible disruption.

27
Reference
  • RFC 1281 A Guideline for the Secure Operation of
    the Internet
  • provides guidance for users and network
    administrators on how to use the Internet in a
    secure and responsible manner.
  • useful for preparing the security policy for an
    organization.

28
A detourA little history of an ancient art
The first printed book on cryptology
  • Johannes Trithemius, an abbot in Spanheim One
    of the founders of cryptology
  • The first printed book of cryptology titled
    Polygraphiae Libri Sex in German language in
    1518 by Johannes Trithemius, published after the
    death of the writer.
  • (The title means -Six Books of Polygraphy)

29
A little history (continued)
  • Earlier in 1499 he had written a 3-book
  • Steganographia, (meaning covered writing)
  • which was circulated privately
  • was published in 1606.
  • The first two books about cryptology.
  • But the third book could not be understood,
    without understanding the encoding that he had
    used.

30
A little history (continued) A
challenge for a cryptanalyst
  • In the third book, which was considered to be
    incomplete, Trithemius explained why he had made
    it hard to understand
  • This I did that to men of learning and men
    deeply engaged in magic, it might, by the Grace
    of God, be in some degree intelligible, while on
    the other hand, to the thick skinned
    turnip-eaters it might for all time remain a
    hidden secret, and be to their dull intellects a
    sealed book forever.

31
Ban, what you dont understand.
  • The third book banned in 1609, ostensibly
    because it explained how to employ spirits for
    sending secret messages.
  • The challenge - of deciphering the book met by
    three persons in 500 years
  • 1676Wolfgang Heidel, the archbishop of Mainz,
    Germany, claimed to have deciphered the third
    book of Trithemius.
  • But his discovery was stated in a secret code
    of his own. So nobody knew whether Heidel had
    understood the book.

32
A little history Deciphering the third book
of Trithemius
  • 1996Thomas Ernst, Prof of German at La Roche
    College, Pittsburgh published a 200-page
    German-language report in a small Dutch journal,
    Daphnis.
  • WIDELY KNOWN SOLUTION spring 1998 Jim Reeds of
    AT T labs solved the riddle of understanding
    the third book independently.
  • He did not know of the earlier work of Ernst.
  • Trithemius work basically simple Ernst took two
    weeks and Reeds took two days to understand it.
  • Both Ernst and Reeds, separately, deciphered
    Heidels work and found that Heidel had been able
    to decipher Trithemius third book.

33
References The Trithemius riddle
  • Reference1. Thomas (Penn) Leary, Cryptology in
    the 16th and 17th Centuries, Cryptologia, July
    1996, available at http//home.att.net/tleary/cry
    ptolo.htm
  • 2. http//www.post-gazette.com/healthscience/19980
    629bspirit1.asp
  • 3. Gina Kolata, A Mystery Unraveled, Twice, The
    New York Times, April 14, 1998, pp. F1, F6,
    available at http//cryptome.unicast.org/cryptome0
    22401/tri-crack.htm

34
A challenge for the future
  • At 35th birthday of MITs Lab for Computer
    Science A time capsule of innovations has been
    sealed in the new building of LCS. It contains a
    cryptological problem, which may be solved in 35
    years on computers,(by 2033), which may be
    replaced every year to get higher computing
    power.
  • If you find an algorithm, which solves it
    earlier, you can send it to the Director, LCS.
  • If correct, a special ceremony to unseal the
    capsule will be set up.
  • Referencehttp//theory.lcs.mit.edu/rivest/lcs35-
    puzzle-description.txt
  • getting back from the
    detour .

35
Step 3 Components of security planning
  • Step 1 assessing the threat  
  • Step 2 writing a security policy (already
    discussed)
  • Step 3 Choosing
  • the methodologies,
  • tools and
  • mechanisms
  • to implement the policy

36
Methodologies
  • Security Procedures to implement the policy
  • Goals of security Procedures
  • Prevention
  • Detection nature, severity of attack and effects
  • Recovery and fixing vulnerabilities
  • Counterattack or legal recourse

37
Procedures
  • Usually a procedure implements one part of the
    policy.
  • A union of procedures is supposed to provide
    precise security.
  • Types of procedures
  • Secure
  • Precise or
  • Broad

38
Types of Procedures
  • P set of all possible states of the system
  • S set of secure states, as defined by the policy
  • Mset of states to which the system is
    constrained by Security procedures
  • The system is
  • Secure if M is contained within S
  • Precise if M S
  • Broad if there are states in P which are
    contained in M but which are not contained in S.

39
Procedural and Operational Security
  • policies and education on safe computing
    practices
  • desktop configuration management
  • proactive probing for vulnerabilities
  • Each procedure may be designed to take care of a
    (or a set of) threats.

40
  • New Threats arise and old threats change
  • As the use of Internet changes and
  • as new technologies are implemented
  • Some Threats
  • to a networked system

41
Security Threats
  • RFC 1244 identifies three distinct types of
    security threats associated with network
    connectivity
  • Unauthorized access
  • A break-in by an unauthorized person.
  • Break-ins may be an embarrassment that
    undermine the confidence that others have in the
    organization.
  • Moreover unauthorized access ? one of the
    other threats-- disclosure of information or
  • --denial of service.

42
Classification of Security Threats
Reference RFC 1244
  • Disclosure of information
  • disclosure of valuable or sensitive information
    to people, who should not have access to the
    information.
  • Denial of service
  • Any problem that makes it difficult or impossible
    for the system to continue to perform productive
    work.
  • Do not connect to Internet
  • a system with highly classified information,
    or,
  • if the risk of liability in case of disclosure
    is great.

43
Brent Chapmans Three Categories of
Security Threats
  • Brent Chapmans Classification
  • Confidentiality
  • Of data
  • Of existence of data
  • Of resources, their operating systems, their
    configuration
  • Of resources used, in case the resources are
    taken on rent from a service provider

44
Information Security Threats
Chapmans Classification (contd.)
  • availability A DoS attack may disrupt
  • availability of a service, or
  • availability of data
  • integrity
  • Of data
  • Of origin
  • Once someone has gained unauthorized access
  • to a system, the integrity of the information on
  • that system is in doubt.

45
In the face of threats A
secure system
  • Features of a secure system
  • A system which is able to maintain
    confidentiality of data
  • A system which is able to maintain integrity of
    data
  • A system, which is available, whenever the user
    require it

46
  • We're in the midst of a huge society-wide
    change to move record keeping from paper systems
    to digital ones. In consequence, a vast number of
    existing rules can and should be rethought and
    revised. No better time than now, and no one
    better to do it than we.
  • -- Marc Donner, Google
  • New Models for Old
  • IEEE Security Privacy, Aug/Sept 2009

47
Threats for the Internet/ISP
  • propagate false routing entries (black holes)
  • domain name hijacking
  • link flooding
  • packet intercept
  • Phishing attacks use e-mails that often appear
    to come from a legitimate e-mail address and
    include links to spoofed Web addresses. The
    receiver responds to the link, which takes the
    receiver to a site, other than what the receiver
    thinks he is going to. (announced by MS on 16 Dec
    2003, as a problem with Internet Explorer).

48
Types of Security Threats Additions
  • Denial of service
  • Illegitimate use
  • (Mis)-Authentication
  • IP spoofing
  • Sniffing the password
  • Playback Attack
  • Bucket-brigade attack ( when Eve substitutes her
    own public key for the public key of Bob in a
    message being sent by Bob to Alice)
  • Generic threats Backdoors, Trojan horses,
    viruses etc

49
Example of a Security Incident
Phishing
  • Phishing (mis)uses the following rule
  • If ASCII 00 and 01 characters are used just prior
    to _at_ character, IE would not display the rest of
    the URL.
  • Example http//www.whitehouse.gov0100_at_www.hacke
    r.com/......
  • will show up as http//www.whitehouse.gov in the
    status bar, indicating as if the message is from
    the White House. However the response will go to
    the Hacker.

50
Anti-Phishing.org
  • A Web site www.antiphishing.org, for reporting
    incidents,
  • set up by a group of global banks and
    technology companies, led by Secure-messaging
    firm Tumbleweed Communications Corp
  • Fast Response required
  • The phishing Web sites often only in place
    for a day.
  • Example Dec 2003 Phishing e-mail appeared to
    come from the U.K. bank NatWest.
  • Anti-Phishing.org tracked the IP address to a
    spoofed home computer in San Francisco. "The
    owner of the computer probably had no idea he'd
    been hijacked," says Dave Jevans, Tumbleweed's
    senior vice president of marketing.

51
Common attacks on banks
through Internet
  • Common attacks
  • phishing (attempts to trick account holders to
    give their account authentication details away),
  • fraudulent association with the bank as part of
    investment scams, and
  • trademark violation
  • Losses due to attacks
  • "The major banks don't want to divulge the amount
    of losses. But just to give one example, a major
    Australian bank has put several million dollars
    in reserve since August 2003 to cover damages due
    to Internet frauds. Dave Jevans, eWeek, Dec
    2003

52
An Example time-to-market for Internet Security
products
  • 16 December, 2003 Discovery of the problem of
    Phishing
  • 5 January 2004 Announcement of development of a
    new Anti-phishing service by Netcraft, of Bath,
    England.
  • Netcraft says that the service is mainly for
    banks and other financial organizations

53
The Netcraft Service
  • to detect use of their
  • name,
  • brands,
  • trademarks and
  • slogans on the Internet by any unauthorized
    party.
  • to facilitate quick removal of attempts at
    "phishing" attacks.
  • to provide details of the site registration and
    hosting locations of potentially offending sites,
  • to classify the severity of the incident

54
The Netcraft Service (continued)
  • The service will
  • include real-time monitoring of spam for domains,
    brands and company names.
  • monitor
  • DNS registrations and
  • SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) certificate common
    names.
  • Netcraft known for conducting monthly surveys
    since 1995
  • http//news.netcraft.com/
  • Its database has hostname domain names for
    over 58 million web sites, and the front page
    content

55
Netcraft Surveys
  • Data on the market share of
  • web servers,
  • operating systems,
  • hosting providers (hosting locations of the
    million busiest web-sites) Largest Hosters
    GoDaddy 20 M, ThePlanet 15 M Microsoft 9M
    Google 8 M myspace 6M
  • ISPs,
  • encrypted transactions,
  • electronic commerce (SSL sites (1996 3283 sites
    2009 exceeded 600,000))
  • scripting languages and
  • content technologies on the internet

56
Terminology of Hacking
A few more words
  • Snooping (also called passive wire-tapping)
  • Active wire-tapping or man-in-the middle attack
  • Spoofing or Masquerading of a host or a
    service-provider (Distinguish it from Delegation)
  • Repudiation of origin or of creation of some file
  • Denial of receipt
  • Usurpation unauthorized control
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