Vehicle Technology: 2 and 3 Wheelers in Asia: Current and Future Greenhouse Gas Emissions

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Vehicle Technology 2 and 3 Wheelers in Asia
Current and Future Greenhouse Gas Emissions
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Presentation Contents

• Structure of 2 3 wheeler fleet in terms of
  types of vehicles, engines, technologies and
  fuels
• Known, potential and emerging technologies and
  their evolution
• Estimations of co2 emissions and fuel consumption
  of new technologies
• Available estimates of transport GHG emissions in
  India

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Motor Vehicle Growth in India, 1971-2001
Source Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport
Highways, Government of India, 2004.
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Growth of 2 3-Wheeler Population in India

• Sources
• 1. Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport
  Highways, Government of India, 2004.
• 2. Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers

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Vehicle Fleet in Asia
SourceJitendra (Jitu) Shah
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Penetration of Vehicles in Asian Countries
Source Alok Rawat, Fuel Efficiency Improvement
and Automotive CO2 Reduction Policies an Indian
Perspective UNEP Workshop, Shanghai, October 2004
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Matrix of Fuel, Technology, and, Vehicle Type
SI Spark Ignition Internal
Combustion Engine (ICE) EV Electric
Motor Hybrid EV Combination of Electric Motor
ICE CI Compression Ignition ICE
Petrol includes blends with ethanol Diesel
includes blends with biodiesel
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Main Features of Engines Used on Indian
Two-Wheelers
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Main Features, Fuels and Uses of Indian
Three-Wheelers
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Progression of Indian Emission Standards for 2
3-Wheelers
All limit values for mass emissions in g/km under
Indian Driving Cycle
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Known, Potential and Emerging Technologies for
23Wheelers
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Expected Time-Line for Evolution of Engine
Technologies for 2-Wheelers

•   

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Changes in Technology Choice Resulting from
Consumer Preferences Emission Standards
The proportions of 2-stroke and 4-stroke have
been calculated based on a study of the sales
figures of various companies obtained
from Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers
(SIAM) and from the knowledge of the models
produced by manufacturers
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Methodology for the Estimation of Fuel
Consumption and CO2 Emissions 1/2

• (a) Baseline fuel consumption of current
  technologies is average of Type Approval Test
  results of several models published by the
  Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI).
  
• ARAI calculates fuel consumption in km/litre
  using the carbon balance method from measured
  exhaust emission levels under Indian Driving
  Cycle run on a chassis dynamometer
• (b) The baseline data for average CO2 emissions
  (tail pipe only) of each category of vehicle has
  also been determined from the same source of data

Source Bhanot B, Kulkarni U.,Indian Auto
Emission Profile, Symposium on International
Vehicle Technology, Automotive Research
Association of India, 2001
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Methodology for the Estimation of Fuel
Consumption and CO2 Emissions 2/2

• (c ) The fuel consumption of new Internal
  Combustion Engine (ICE) technologies based on the
  indications in literature.
• (d) All the fuel consumption values converted to
  MJ/km by using appropriate values of density and
  Lower Heating Values of the respective fuels.
• (e) CO2 emissions of new ICE technologies derived
  from the fuel consumption by establishing a
  relationship between fuel consumption and CO2
  emissions

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Fuel Consumption Trends of Different Categories
of 2 3-Wheelers Resulting from Various ICE
Technologies
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Progressive Reduction in Fuel Consumption of
2-Wheelers Resulting from Improved ICE
Technologies
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Progressive Reduction in CO2 Emission of
2-Wheelers Resulting from Improved ICE
Technologies
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Progressive Reduction in Fuel Consumption of
3-Wheelers Resulting from Improved ICE
Technologies and CNG
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Progressive Reduction in CO2 Emission of
3-Wheelers Resulting from Improved ICE
Technologies and CNG
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Methodology for the Estimation of Fuel
Consumption and CO2 Emissions of EV and Hybrid EV

• (a) The energy consumption (in MJ/km) of battery
  operated electric vehicle was considered to be
  30 of the energy consumption of the basic ICE.
  This is based on the reported energy consumption
  of 0.06 kWh/km of the Bajaj three wheeler(1).
• (b) The energy consumption of hybrid electric
  vehicles has been considered as 85 of that of
  the EV based on literature for both the hybrid
  and electric four wheelers (2).
• (c) CO2 emission of EV and Hybrid EV based on
  ratio of the fuel consumption of the hybrid and
  corresponding basic ICE used in the category of
  vehicle

Sources (1) Berry R.K., Schweitzer Samuel, Basu
Tapan, Bedewi Nabih, Vincent Daniel, Dhungana
Atulya, Indian Zero Emission Transportation
Program a driving force for change,
International Symposium on Automotive Electronics
and Alternative Energy Vehicles, Indian Institute
of Technology, Kanpur, November 2001. (2) Ybema
J.R., Lako P., Gielen D.J., Oosterheert R.J.,
Kram T., Prospects For Energy Technologies in
the Netherlands, Volume 2, Technology
characterizations and technology results, ECN,
August 1995
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Progressive Reduction in Fuel Consumption of 2
3 -Wheelers Resulting from Improved ICE, Battery
and Hybrid Electric Technologies
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Sectoral Emission of Carbon Dioxide from Energy
Consumption, India
Source Sectoral Analysis of Greenhouse Gases in
India Choice of Key Mitigation/Abatement
Options ALGAS Project, TERI, December 1996
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Estimates of CO2 Emissions from Vehicles in
India - 1997
Source Moti L. Mittal and C.Sharma, Emissions
from Vehicular Transport in India, USAID, March
2003
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CO2 Emissions from Transport in India Various
Agencies
Souces 1. CO2 Mitigation the Indian
Transport Sector, TERI, 1996 2. A.P. Mitra
Green house Gas Emissions in India 1996
update National Physical Laboratory, 1996 3.
Moti L. Mittal Emissions from Vehicular
Transport in India USAID, 2003
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Fuel Consumption Factors for Vehicles Various
Authors
Sources 1. R.K.Bose K.S.Nesamani Pacific
Asian Journal of Energy 11(1) 31 49 2. Moti L.
Mittal Emissions from Vehicular Transport in
India USAID, 2003 3. N.V.Iyer Unpublished data
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CO2 Emission Factors for Vehicles Various
Authors
Sources 1. R.K.Bose K.S.Nesamani Pacific
Asian Journal of Energy 11(1) 31 49 2. Moti L.
Mittal Emissions from Vehicular Transport in
India USAID, 2003 3. N.V.Iyer Unpublished
data
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Conclusions 1/2

• There is a rapid increase in the number of motor
  vehicles in India, the population being dominated
  by two wheelers, yet, vehicle penetration is
  among the lowest in the world
• Progressively stringent emission standards and
  customer demand for fuel economy resulted in
  manufacturers adopting new technologies to reduce
  emissions and fuel consumption that have also
  resulted in reduction in CO2 emissions

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Conclusions 2/2

• Adoption of more stringent standards for 23
  wheelers in the coming years is expected to lead
  to the adoption of newer technologies which are
  also expected to bring about further reductions
  in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.
• CO2 contribution of the Indian transport sector
  is estimated to be 15 of the total (1994-95).
  While the rapidly increasing population of
  vehicles may lead to an increase in this, the
  progressively reducing levels of CO2 emissions
  may have a compensating effect.

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