External Communications NS 302

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External CommunicationsNS 302
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Lesson Overview

• External Comm Methods
• Radio Comm Theory
• Comm Nets
• Prowords
• Phonetic Alphabet
• Numerals

• The Message
• General Radio Procedures
• Operational Security

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External Communication Methods

• Visual
• Flag Hoist
• Semaphore
• Flashing Light
• Mail
• Courier

• Electronic
• Naval Message (Message Traffic)
• Radio
• Wire
• E-mail

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Radio Theory
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Radio

• A means of communications which uses the
  electromagnetic spectrum
• ELF (Extremely Low Frequency)
• HF (High Frequency)
• VHF (Very High Frequency)
• UHF (Ultra High Frequency)

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Extremely Low Frequency

• Typical Frequency 1 - 10Hz
• Used to talk to submarines
• Requires a lot of power and a very large antenna
• Very low bandwidth
• Human hearing 20 - 20kHz

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High Frequency

• Frequency 3-30 MHz
• Long Range (several thousand miles)
• Characterized by static and squeal

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Very High Frequency

• Frequency 30-200 MHz
• Short Range (30-40 miles)
• Bridge-to-bridge radio
• Civilian aircraft frequencies
• Civilian applications
• FM radio (87-108 MHz)
• TV stations

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Ultra High Frequency

• Frequency 200-500 MHz
• Short Range (20 miles) Line of Sight
• Fleet Tactical / Navy Red
• Military aircraft frequencies
• Civilian applications
• Cordless phones (900MHz)

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Super / ExtremelyHigh Frequency

• Line of Sight only
• Used to communicate via satellites
• Can talk to anyone in the world
• National Command Authority
• Surf Internet
• Video-Teleconferencing
• High Bandwidth

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Communication Nets
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Communications Net

• radio circuit between several stations (ships or
  aircraft) established on a radio frequency for a
  specific purpose

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Communications NetFleet Tactical
CARGRU THREE G4J Carl Vinson M9X Antietam
A4V Stetham L6R
L6R
G4J
M9X
A4V
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Comm Net Characteristics

• Frequency
• HF
• VHF
• UHF
• Single Frequency or Frequency Hopping

• Control
• Controlled
• Uncontrolled
• Encryption
• Secure
• Unsecure

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Controlled Net

• One station designated as Net Control Station
  (NECOS)
• NECOS
• opens, closes and controls net
• stations must request permission from NECOS to
  trasmit

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Uncontrolled Net

• No Net Control Station

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Unsecure Net

• No protection
• Everyone in the world can hear and understand you
• Red light on handset
• Use call signs
• Sensitive information must be encoded manually

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Secure Net

• Protected by cipher
• Everyone in the world hears static
• Green light on handset
• Tone burst when you key handset
• Voices sound artificial
• Call signs not used

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Call Signs

• Every station on a comm net has a call sign.
• Plain Language (USS) Vincennes
• Daily Changing R6D
• JANAP Trinity Sword

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Collective Call Sign

• Call sign to refer to all stations

Collective Call Sign
CARGRU THREE G4J Carl Vinson M9X Antietam
A4V Stetham L6R
Spoken ALL UNITS IN G4J
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Monitoring Comm Nets

• 4 ways to monitor
• Guard
• Cover
• Copy
• Listen

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Guard / Cover

• Guard
• listen, ready to transmit
• keep log on all transmissions
• Cover
• listen, may not be ready to transmit
• keep log on all transmissions

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Copy / Listen

• Copy
• listen
• keep log on all transmissions
• Listen
• listen
• log required on transmissions to or from your
  station

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ProwordsandBrevity Codes
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Prowords

• Procedure Words
• pronounceable words or phrases that have assigned
  meanings which expedite message transmission and
  handling

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Prowords

• SAY AGAIN (IMI)
• Repeat your transmission, never say REPEAT
• can be used with ALL BEFORE / AFTER
• CORRECTION
• error in message, correct message follows
• WRONG
• your transmission is incorrect, correct message
  is ...

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Prowords

• FIGURES
• numbers follow
• I SPELL
• next word is spelled phonetically
• THIS IS (DE)
• call sign of station sending message

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Prowords

• BREAK (BT)
• break in transmission
• not used to interrupt a transmission in progress
• not the same as BRAVO TANGO (flag hoist)
• INTERROGATIVE (INT)
• asking a question
• same as interrogative pennant

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Prowords

• ROGER
• received last transmission satisfactorily
• WILCO
• received last transmission satisfactorily and
  will comply
• not used with ROGER

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Prowords

• OVER (K)
• end of transmission
• response is necessary
• not used with OUT
• OUT (AR)
• end of transmission
• response is NOT necessary
• not used with OVER

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Prowords

• WAIT (AS)
• pause for a few seconds
• WAIT OUT (AS AR)
• pause for more than a few seconds

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Brevity Codes

• pronounceable words or phrases that have assigned
  meanings

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Some Brevity Codes

• BANDIT
• BOGEY
• HOSTILE
• SKUNK
• RACKET
• VAMPIRE
• PARROT
• INDIA
• GADGET

• Enemy aircraft
• Unidentified air contact
• Enemy aircraft (shoot down authorized)
• Unidentified surface contact
• Unidentified ESM contact
• Enemy anti-ship missile
• IFF Transponder
• Mode IV Transponder
• Radar

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Phonetic Alphabet

• Letters often sound alike
• Used to send single letters over radio
• See chapter 5-5 for pronunciation

CHICAGO CHARLIE HOTEL INDIA
CHARLIE ALFA GOLF OSCAR
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Numbers and Decimals

• Transmitted by individual digits except for exact
  multiples of thousands

1 WUN 2 TOO 3 TREE 4 FOW-er 5 FIFE 6 SIX
7 SEV-en 8 ATE 9 NIN-er 0 ZE-ro . DAY-SEE-MAL
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Numbers and Decimals
155 WUN FIFE FIFE 37000 TREE SEV-en
TOU-SAND 121.9 WUN TOO WUN DAY-SEE-MAL
NIN-er
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The Message
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Parts of a message

• Call-up
• Signal
• Acknowledgement

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The Message

• Originator
• CARGRU THREE
• Addressee
• Carl Vinson, Antietam, Stetham
• Signal
• 45th day at sea, all hands get two beers at
  dinner.

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The Call-Up
CarGru3 G4J Vinson M9X Antietam A4V Stetham L6R

• Identifies the sender of message
• Addresses who the message is supposed to go to.

A4V, L6R, M9X, DE (This is) G4J,
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The Signal

• Purpose of sending message
• 2 types of signals
• Non-Executive Signal (Informational)
• Executive Signal (Tactical Orders)
• Immediate Executive
• Delayed Executive

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The SignalNon-Executive (Informational)
CarGru3 G4J Vinson M9X Antietam A4V Stetham L6R

• WEVE BEEN OUT AT SEA FOR 45 DAYS, ISSUE ALL
  HANDS THEIR TWO CANS OF BEER WITH THE EVENING
  MEAL, K (Over).

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The Acknowledgement
CarGru3 G4J Vinson M9X Antietam A4V Stetham L6R

• DE A4V, R (Roger) AR (Out).
• DE L6R, R AR.
• DE M9X, R AR.

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Executive Signals

• Signals which are carried out when given the
  command EXECUTE
• Immediate executive
• Signal and command to execute given in one
  transmission
• Delayed executive
• Signal and command to execute given in separate
  transmissions

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The SignalImmediate Executive Method

• Indicated by the prowords IMMEDIATE EXECUTE (IX)
• Used for simple tactical commands
• TURN
• SPEED
• Tactical command usually repeated to ensure all
  understand the order

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The SignalImmediate Executive Method
CarGru3 G4J Vinson M9X Antietam A4V Stetham L6R
Call-up

• M9X DE G4J,
• IX (IMMEDIATE EXECUTE)
• TURN STBD 9,
• IMI (I SAY AGAIN)
• IX TURN STBD 9,
• STBY . . . X (EXECUTE), K.
• DE M9X, R AR.

Acknowledgement
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The SignalDelayed Executive Method

• Indicated by the prowords EXECUTE TO FOLLOW (XTF)
• Used for more complex tactical commands
• CORPEN
• SCREEN
• FORM
• STATION

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The SignalDelayed Executive Method
CarGru3 G4J Vinson M9X Antietam A4V Stetham L6R
Call-up

• M9X DE G4J,
• XTF (EXECUTE TO FOLLOW)
• CORPEN STBD 9,
• K.
• DE M9X, R AR.
• M9X DE G4J, CORPEN STBD
• STBY . . . X, K.
• DE M9X, R AR.

Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement
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General RT procedures

• Before going over the radio
• Know what you are going to say.
• Write message down if you must.
• Keep messages brief and concise.
• Use standard military phraseology and brevity
  codes.

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General RT procedures

• On the air
• Speak clearly, slowly and naturally.
• Keep your pitch level.
• Dont yell or shout.
• Use standard pronunciation, use phonetic alphabet
  and numbers as necessary.
• Keep transmissions short, pause in the middle of
  long messages.
• Avoid double call-ups.

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Radio Checks

• Used to check readability and signal strength

Radio Check which is loud and clear.
Stetham A4V DE L6R, K. Antietam DE A4V, R
K. Stetham R AR.
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Signal Strength

• Loud
• Good
• Weak
• Very Weak
• Fading

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Readability

• Clear
• Readable
• Unreadable
• Distorted
• With Interference
• Intermittent

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OperationalSecurity
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Means of communications

• Most to least secure
• 1. Messenger
• 2. Registered Mail
• 3. Approved Wire
• 4. Ordinary Mail
• 5. Unapproved Wire

• 6. Visual systems
• 7. Sound systems
• 8. Radio
• 9. E-mail

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Radio Security

• Keep transmissions short and concise.
• All transmissions can be intercepted.
• Authenticate and challenge unknown stations.
• Radio is not a chat line.
• Do not disclose sensitive information on unsecure
  radio nets