CHAPTER 4 TISSUE: THE LIVING FABRIC

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CHAPTER 4TISSUE THE LIVING FABRIC
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PRIMARY TISSUES

• 1. epithelial
• 2. connective
• 3. muscle
• 4. nervous

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS

• 1. covering free surfaces
• 2. glands
• 3. functions
• a. protection
• b. absorption
• c. filtration
• d. excretion
• e. secretion
• 4. celluarity - little intercellular space

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE

• 5. specialized contacts
• a. sheets
• b. tight junctions desmosomes
• 6. polarity
• a. apical surface - free surface
• b. microvilli
• c. cilia
• 7. avascular

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE

• 8. basement membrane (basal lamina reticular
  lamina) - separates epithelium from underlying
  connective tissue
• a. basal lamina - nonliving adhesive material of
  glycoproteins
• b. reticular lamina - underlies this secreted by
  connective tissue contains collagen fibers
• 9. regeneration

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE CLASSIFICATION

• 1. arrangement
• a. simple
• b. stratified
• 2. shape
• a. squamous
• b. cuboidal
• c. columnar

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE

• 3. classes of simple
• a. simple squamous
• b. simple cuboidal
• c. simple columnar
• d. pseudostratified columnar
• 4. classes of stratified
• a. stratified squamous
• b. stratified cuboidal
• c. stratified columnar
• d. transitional

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE

• 1. simple squamous
• a. thin permeable
• b. filtration substance exchange (kidneys,
  lungs)
• c. endothelium
• d. mesothelium - serous membranes
• 2. simple cuboidal
• a. secretion absorption
• b. glands secretory and ducts

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE

• 3. simple columnar
• a. lines digestive tract (stomach to rectum)
• b. microvilli
• c. goblet cells
• d. simple ciliated columnar - uterine tubes
  respiratory tract

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE

• 1. stratified squamous
• a. skin epidermis keratin
• b. surfaces subject to wear and tear
• 2. stratified cuboidal
• a. ducts of sweat glands
• 3. stratified columnar (rare)
• a. male urethra large ducts of some glands
• 4. transitional
• a. lining of urinary organs
• b. cells slide past one another and change shape

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GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

• 1. gland
• a. endocrine
• b. exocrine
• 2. endocrine
• a. ductless
• b. hormones

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GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

• 3. exocrine
• a. duct to body cavity or surface
• b. sweat, oil, salivary, liver, pancreas. mammary
  glands
• c. unicellular
• 1. produce mucin (goblet cells)

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GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

• d. multicellular (f4.3, p117)
• 1. duct secretory unit
• 2. simple glands - single duct
• 3. compound glands (structural) - branching duct
• a. tubular
• b. alveolar (acinar)
• c. tubuloaveolar
• 4. compound glands (functional) - secretory
  behavior
• a. merocrine - secrete by exocytosis (pancreas,
  sweat, salivary glands)
• b. holocrine - cells rupture (sebaceous)
• c. apocrine - apex of cell breaks off (mammary
  glands)

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• 1. most abundant
• 2. functions
• a. binding support
• b. protection
• c. insulation
• d. transport
• 3. arise from mesenchyme
• 4. highly vascular
• 5. extracellular matrix

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

• 1. ground substance
• 2. fibers
• 3. cells
• 4. ground substance
• a. part of matrix
• b. interstitial fluid and proteoglycans
  (hyaluronic acid)
• c. molecular sieve

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

• 5. fibers
• a. part of matrix
• b. collagen (white fibers)
• c. elastic (yellow)
• d. reticular - finer collagen branching

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

• 6. cells
• a. fibroblast - connective tissue proper
• b. chondroblast
• c. osteoblast
• d. hemocytoblast
• e. mast cells (white blood cell)
• 1. detect foreign substances
• 2. have heparin and histamine
• f. macrophages (white blood cell)
• 1. phagocytic
• 2. histiocytes Kupffer cells microglial cells

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TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• 1. mesenchyme
• a. embryonic
• b. mucous connective tissue (Wharton's jelly)

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

• 1. loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose,
  reticular)
• 2. dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense
  irregular, elastic)

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

• 3. areolar
• a. semifluid matrix (hyaluronic acid)
• b. fibroblasts
• c. underlies epithelia of body (edema)
• 4. adipose
• a. adipocytes
• b. little matrix highly cellular
• c. insulation shock absorber

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

• 5. reticular
• a. reticular cells loose reticular fibers
• b. stroma in lymph nodes, spleen bone marrow
• 6. dense regular
• a. tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis
• b. collagen arranged in bundles

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

• 7. elastic
• a. elastin fibers
• b. vertebrae attachment
• 8. dense irregular
• a. collagen arranged irregularly
• b. dermis of skin

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CARTILAGE

• 1. perichondrium
• 2. chondroblasts
• a. interstitial growth - from within
• b. appositional growth - from without
• 3. chondrocytes
• 4. lacunae

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CARTILAGE

• 5. hyaline cartilage - (articular cartilage)
• 6. elastic cartilage
• a. auditory tubes external ear epiglottis
• 7. fibrocartilage
• a. dense compressible
• b. intervertebral discs

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BONE

• 1. osseous tissue
• a. osteoblasts
• b. osteocytes

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BLOOD

• 1. cells
• 2. plasma

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EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES

• 1. epithelial membrane
• a. continuous multicellular sheet of two primary
  tissue types (epithelium and connective)
• 2. cutaneous membrane
• a. skin
• b. organ system
• 3. mucous membranes (mucosa)
• a. line body cavities open to exterior
• b. absorption and secretion
• c. epithelial sheet and lamina propria (loose
  connective tissue)

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EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES

• 4. serous membranes
• a. serosa
• b. parietal layer and visceral layer
• c. serous fluid
• d. pleura
• e. pericardium
• f. peritoneum

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NERVOUS TISSUE

• 1. neurons
• 2. support (glial)

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MUSCLE TISSUE

• 1. cellular (muscle cells muscle fibers)
• 2. highly vascular
• 3. filaments
• a. actin
• b. myosin

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MUSCLE TISSUE

• 4. voluntary
• 5. involuntary
• 6. types
• a. skeletal
• b. cardiac
• c. smooth

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TISSUE REPAIR - BODY DEFENSE

• 1. depends on intact tissue
• 2. inflammatory response is nonspecific
• 3. immune system is specific

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TYPES OF REPAIR

• 1. regeneration - replacement of destroyed tissue
• 2. fibrosis - proliferation of fibrous (scar)
  tissue

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MECHANISM OF REPAIR

• 1. organization
• a. blood clot replaced by granulation tissue
• 2. invasion by capillaries
• 3. macrophages and fibroblasts
• 4. regeneration of surface epithelium

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DEGREE OF REPAIR

• 1. epithelial and mucous good
• 2. skeletal muscle and cartilage poor
• 3. cardiac and nervous tissue usually none
• 4. adhesions

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DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS

• 1. ectoderm
• a. epidermis
• b. nervous tissue
• c. epithelium

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DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS

• 2. mesoderm
• a. endothelium
• b. mesothelium
• c. epithelium
• d. muscle
• e. connective tissue

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DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS

• 3. endoderm
• a. epithelium
• b. mucosae