Ecology: the study of interrelationships between organisms and their environment

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Properties of life
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Levels of organization
Subatomic particles
cells
molecules
organelles
atoms
tissues
organs
biosphere
Organ systems
Multicellular ORGANISM!
population
community
ecosystem
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Levels of organization
Smallest living unit
Subatomic particles
cells
molecules
organelles
atoms
tissues
organs
biosphere
Organ systems
Multicellular ORGANISM!
population
community
ecosystem
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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
• Primitive modern
• Simple complex
• DNA is in nucleiod region DNA is in nucleus
• No membrane bound membrane bound
• organelles organelles
• Smaller Larger

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Prokaryotic Cell
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Eukaryotic Cell
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Domains/Kingdoms

• Archae single-celled, prokaryotic, extreme
  environments, look like bacteria
• Bacteria (Eubacteria) true bacteria,
  single-celled, prokaryotic, includes E. coli
• EukaryaProtista single-celled plants and
  animals, eukaryotic, includes Paramecium (pond
  water organisms)
• Fungi multicellular, eukaryotic, chemotrophs,
  decompsers, includes yeasts, molds and mushrooms
• Plantae multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophs
  (photosynthesis), includes grass, shrubs, trees
• Animalia multicellular, eukaryotic,
  heterotrophs, motile, includes you!

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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
• Primitive modern
• Simple complex
• DNA is in nucleiod region DNA is in nucleus
• No membrane bound membrane bound
• organelles organelles
• Smaller Larger
• Bacteria, Archae Protists, Fungi, Plants
• Animals (Eukarya)

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Taxonomy

• Linnaeus/binomial name (Genus species)
• Humans Homo sapiens
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
  Species
• Homology similarity in structure due to a
  common ancestor
• Analogy similarity in function not due to a
  common ancestor
• DNA comparison

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Homologous Structures
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Lets playWhich is more closely related?

• BAT, BIRD, DOG??
• BAT BIRD?
• BAT DOG?
• DOG BIRD?
• BAT DOG!!
• WHY??
• THEY ARE BOTH MAMMALS (fur and teeth)

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Schools of Taxonomy

• Phenetics looks for similarity and differences
  whether homology or analogy
• Phylogenetics/systematics use homologies to map
  evolutionary relationship
• Phylogenetic tree series of branches

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Energy flow Food Chain
Grass (producer)
Mouse (herbivore)
Snake (primary carnivore)
Hawk (secondary carnivore)
Should this be drawn in a line as above or
another shape???
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Energy pyramid
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What did we leave out??
Grass (producer)
Mouse (herbivore)
Snake (primary carnivore)
Hawk (secondary carnivore)
Decomposers (detritivores) the recyclers!!!
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English Peppered Moth Example
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English Peppered Moth Example
Before industrial revolution After industrial
revolution
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Galapagos Ground Finch Study by Rosemary and
Peter Grant
In dry years average beak depth increases -birds
with large bills survive better -more large
seeds available In wet years average beak depth
decreases -birds with small bills survive
better -more small seeds available
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Reznick/Endler Study on Guppies

• Guppies in Trinidad (Caribbean)
• Correlated changes in life history
  characteristics with type of predator
• Small predator (Killifish) preys on juvenile
  guppies
• Large predator (Pike Cichlid) preys on large
  sexually mature guppies
• Guppies with cichlids repro at younger age

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The Experiment

• Experimental Group guppies transplanted from
  pike cichlid to killifish pools
• Control Group guppies that remained in pike
  cichlid pools
• What happened??
• Experimental Group/transplanted guppies gained an
  average of 14 greater mass

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