Simulation and Analysis of Wireless Mesh Network In Smart Grid / Advanced Metering Infrastructure

1

• Simulation and Analysis of Wireless Mesh Network
  In Smart Grid / Advanced Metering Infrastructure
• Masters Thesis
• Philip Huynh
• Spring 2011

2
Outline of the Talk

• Introduction
• Related work
• Real-time Smart Grid Meter Data Collection using
  Hybrid WiMAX/Wi-Fi Networks
• Smart Grid Wireless Infrastructure Planning
  (SG-WIP) Tool.
• Simulation Results of SG-SIM
• Lessons Learned
• Future Direction
• Conclusion

3
Introduction

• What is the Advanced Metering Infrastructure
  (AMI)?
• The need to collect metering data in real-time
• Save the material usage for the electric power
  generation by correctly predict the load demand
  and build the load profile

4
Wireless Mesh Network for AMI

• High scalable and performance networks
• Can deploy on the large service areas urban,
  suburb
• Low cost installation and maintenance
• Secured networks IEEE802.16, IEEE 802.11s

Wi-Fi mesh networks with WiMAX backhaul
Wireless technologies (source Intel)
5
CSU AMI Infrastructure
6
Related Work

• Wireless Mesh Networks A Survey AWW05
• The author presented many open research issues
  needed to be solved such as scalability,
  self-organization and self-configuration,
  security, network integration. The critical
  factors influencing protocol design were
  discussed for improvement objectives.
• The Nominal Capacity of Wireless Mesh Networks
  JS03
• The authors shown that for WMNs the throughput
  of each node decreases as O(1/n), where n is
  total number of nodes in the network. Moreover,
  for a given topology and the set of active nodes,
  the upper bounds on the throughput of any node
  can be exactly calculated.
• Architecture and Algorithms for an IEEE
  802.11-based Multi-channel Wireless Mesh Network
  RC05
• The author proposed a novel multi-channel WMN
  architecture that effectively addresses the
  bandwidth problem by fully exploiting
  non-overlapped radio channels that the IEEE
  802.11 standards make available.

7
Related Work (2)

• Multi-Channel Mesh Networks Challenges and
  Protocols KSCV06
• The authors considered the use of multi-channel
  to improve the throughput of Wireless Mesh
  Network (WMN). The main challenges were
  highlighted and two link-layer protocols were
  presented for utilizing multiple channels
• Capacity of Grid-Oriented Wireless Mesh
  Networks ANMK08
• The author presented an analytical framework for
  determining the nominal capacity of multi-radio
  multi-channel Wireless Mesh Network (WMN). As the
  research conclusion, the effects of WMN design
  parameters such as network topology, network
  size, routing methods, channel assignment schemes
  etc. are interlinked and a judicious selection is
  essential to maximize capacity.
• Coverage and capacity of a wireless mesh
  network HWC05
• The authors proposed a scalable multi-channel
  ring-based WMN architecture and developed an
  analytical framework to evaluate the capacity and
  coverage of such a network.

8
Related Work (3)

• The IEEE 802.11s Extended Service Set Mesh
  Networking Standard CK08
• The author presented how the developing IEEE
  802.11s ESS Mesh Networking Standard draft
  addresses technical challenges of the pervasive
  development of wireless mesh networks (WMNs), the
  efficient allocation of mesh resources (routing
  and MAC layers), the protection of network
  resources (security and power savings), and the
  elimination of spatial bias (congestion control).
• An Improved IEEE 802.16 WiMAX Module for the
  ns-3 Simulator IPGT10
• The authors presented the new features and
  enhancements that were integrated within the ns-3
  WiMAX module. These proposed features can make
  easier and more realistic the evaluation and
  design of WiMAX systems.

9
Challenges Approach

• Challenges in Design and Deployment AMI Network
  using WMN
• How to evaluate the network performance hundred
  thousands of smart meters, complicated
  architecture
• How the scalability affects to the performance
• Approach
• Develop a Network Topology Planning Tool
• Develop a Network Simulator for AMI Communication
  Network
• Simulate the network model and Analyze the
  results
• Goals
• Develop techniques and tools to evaluate the
  performance of AMI WMN.

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Hybrid WiMAX/Wi-Fi Network Model
(a)
(b)
Hybrid WiMAX/Wi-Fi Network Model
(a) Example of WiMAX network (WAN)
(b) Example of Wi-Fi mesh network (NAN)
11
SG-WIP Tool

• A mashup that overlays the wireless
  infrastructure and GIS data (street light poles,
  housing units) on the Google Maps
• Visually planning the Antenna mounting place for
  the WiMAX/Wi-Fi network
• Export the network topology as XML file for
  further research
• Can be integrated to the network simulator

12
SG-WIP GUI
GUI includes components Main Menu, Network
Topology Overlay, Google Maps, and Topology
Information Panel.
13
SG-WIP Navigating Topologies
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) using WiMAX
point-to-multi point grid 10x10, 10 km x 10 km
(WxH)
Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) using Wi-Fi mesh
grid 10x10, 1 km x 1 km (WxH)
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SG-WIP Exporting Topology
Local Area Network (LAN) using Wi-Fi
point-to-multi point square, 100 m x 100 m (WxH)
Exporting the LAN topology as an XML file
15
SG-WIP Changing Antennae Position
(a)
(b)
WiMAX base stations antennae (a) Before
changing, location at (5, 5) (b) After changing,
location at (6, 9)
16
SG-WIP Code

• // Calculate the center point of the Colo Sprgs
  boundary house/building units
• // Show the map of Colorado Springs
• var csCenter getCenter(new GeoRectangle(csSW,
  csNE))
• var latlng new google.maps.LatLng(csCenter.Latit
  ude, csCenter.Longitude)
• // Map's options
• var myOptions
• zoom startZoom,
• center latlng,
• mapTypeId google.maps.MapTypeId.ROADMAP,
• mapTypeControl true,
• navigationControl true,
• scaleControl true
• // Map object instance
• map new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById(
  "map-canvas"), myOptions)
• // Add the network topology as an overlay object
  on map
• polygon new google.maps.Polygon(
• paths paths,

• // Handle the Click event on the network topology
• google.maps.event.addListener(polygon, 'click',
  function(event)
• var lat event.latLng.lat()
• var lng event.latLng.lng()
• Network.clickEvent(lat, lng)
• // Geographical coordinates helper functions
• //This uses the haversine formula to calculate
  great-circle distances between
• //the two points that is, the shortest distance
  over the earths surface
• // giving an as-the-crow-flies distance between
  the points (ignoring any hills!).
• function distance_between(lat1, lon1, lat2,
  lon2)
• var dLat (lat2-lat1)degrees_to_radians
• var dLon (lon2-lon1)degrees_to_radians
• var a Math.sin(dLat/2) Math.sin(dLat/2)
  
• Math.cos(lat1degrees_to_radians)
  Math.cos(lat2degrees_to_radians)
• Math.sin(dLon/2) Math.sin(dLon/2)
• var c 2 Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(a),
  Math.sqrt(1-a))
• var d earth_radius c
• return d

17
SG-SIM Simulator

• Implements the proposed hybrid WiMAX/Wi-Fi
  Network Model on NS-3 platform
• The network simulator NS-3 is
• Open source project
• Popular and accepted by network research
  community
• Parameters of the Simulator
• Network types WAN, MAN, NAN, LAN
• Number of nodes, Transmission Rate
• Others network initialization time,

18
SG-SIM Code

• // Install node location for WiMAX base station,
  gateways
• MobilityHelper mobility
• mobility.SetPositionAllocator ("ns3GridPositionA
  llocator",
• "MinX", DoubleValue (0.0),
• "MinY", DoubleValue (0.0),
• "DeltaX", DoubleValue (1000),
• "DeltaY", DoubleValue (1000),
• "GridWidth", UintegerValue (5),
• "LayoutType", StringValue ("RowFirst"))
• mobility.SetMobilityModel ("ns3ConstantPositionM
  obilityModel")
• mobility.Install (bsNodes)
• mobility.Install (ssNodes)
• // Create a packet sink to receive these packets
• Address sinkLocalAddress (InetSocketAddress
• (Ipv4AddressGetAny (), 50000))
• PacketSinkHelper sinkHelper ("ns3UdpSocketFactor
  y",
• sinkLocalAddress)
• ApplicationContainer sinkApp sinkHelper.Install
  (serverNode)

// Install the app on the SS nodes for (int i0
iltnbSS i) // build the application
PtrltSgOnOffApplicationgt sgOnOff
CreateObjectltSgOnOffApplicationgt()
sgOnOff-gtSetAttribute ("Protocol", StringValue
("ns3UdpSocketFactory"))
sgOnOff-gtSetAttribute ("OnTime",
RandomVariableValue (ConstantVariable (1)))
sgOnOff-gtSetAttribute ("OffTime",
RandomVariableValue (ConstantVariable (0)))
sgOnOff-gtSetAttribute ("DataRate",
DataRateValue (DataRate (m_packetDataRate)))
sgOnOff-gtSetAttribute ("PacketSize",
UintegerValue (lenPacket))
sgOnOff-gtSetAttribute ("Remote",
remoteAddress) sgOnOff-gtSetStartTime
(Seconds (start 0.000001i)) ssNodes.Get
(i)-gtAddApplication(sgOnOff)
19
Simulation Experiments

• Experiment Design Vision
• Evaluate the performance of AMI Infrastructure
• How the scalability impacts to the performance
• Measure the performance of network with many
  source nodes at the specific Constant Bit Rate
  (CBR)
• Confirm to smart meter density analysis (using
  SG-WIP)

20
LAN Simulation Results

• Tx packets Rx packets
• Total processing delay increases linearly with
  the number of smart meter

21
NAN Simulation Results

• Tx packets Rx packets
• Total processing delay increases rapidly with the
  number of mesh routers.

22
MAN Simulation Results

• Tx packets Rx packets
• Total processing delay converges to 930 msecs. It
  caused by 5 msecs fixed frame time in IEEE 802.16
  standard.

23
MAN Simulation Results (2)
Impact on the network performance by aggregating
meter data at the gateway

• Tx packets Rx packets when number of meter
  packets lt 16
• Tx packets gt Rx packets when number of meter
  packets gt 16 (caused by UDP packet
  fragmentation)
• Total processing delay increases slowly with the
  number of meter packets

24
WAN Simulation Results

• The total processing time was linearly increased
  with the length of the optical cables.

25
Lessons Learned

• Development of SG-WIP Tool
• Challenges in testing and debugging source code
  for Web application (used PHP/JavaScript)
• GIS Information Acquisition time consuming
  process
• Development of SG-SIM Simulator
• Found the bug in NS-3 WiMAX module that can
  affect the simulation results and reported to
  NS-3 community at http//www.nsnam.org/bugzilla/s
  how_bug.cgi?id1025
• Simulation Experiments in NS-3
• The initialization phase of wireless networks
• Bugs in Wi-Fi Mesh, WiMAX modules

26
Future Direction

• Fully integrate the SG-WIP tool with SG-SIM
  simulator
• Improve the antenna placement algorithm
• Increase availability of wireless networks
• Database systems for storing the real-time meter
  data

27
Conclusion

• The proposed WiMAX/Wi-Fi WMN can transport the
  meter data from 160,000 smart meters in the CSU
  service areas to the data center in one second.
• The high scalability property of WiMAX/Wi-Fi WMN
  helps flexibly extend the coverage area of the
  AMI wireless infrastructure without degrading the
  network performance.
• The proposed WiMAX/Wi-Fi infrastructure allows
  the utilities deploying an AMI wireless
  communication infrastructure not only at low cost
  of installation and maintenance but also with
  high performance, scalability, and security.

28
Demo

• Illustrate network topology planning with SG-WIP
  Tool
• http//scad.eas.uccs.edu/sgwip/wan.html
• Some demonstrations of SG-SIM simulator

29
References

• DoE01 U.S. Department of Energy, Smart Grid,
  lthttp//www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htmgt
• DoE02 U.S Department of Energy, Smart Grid An
  Introduction, lthttp//www.oe.energy.gov/SmartGrid
  Introduction.htmgt
• Wiki01 Smart Grid, lthttp//en.wikipedia.org/wi
  ki/Smart_gridgt
• NIST10 National Institute of Standards and
  Technology, NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart
  Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0,
  Jan. 2010.
• NETL08 National Energy Technology Laboratory,
  white paper Advanced Metering infrastructure,
  February 2008.
• Chow09 Edward Chow, Lecture Secure Smart
  Grids, Department of Computer Science,
  University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 2009.
• IEEE11 IEEE Standard 802 Part 11 Wireless LAN
  Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer
  (PHY) Specifications, 2007.
• IEEE15 IEEE Standard 802 Part 15.1 Wireless
  Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer
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• IEEE16 IEEE Standard 802 Part 16 Air Interface
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• IEEE11s IEEE, Draft amendment ESS mesh
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  2006.
• Moh01 Prasant Mohapatra, Lecture Wireless Mesh
  Networks, Department of Computer Science
  University of California, Davis.
• AWW05 I. F. Akyildiz, X. Wang, and W. Wang,
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• Kri01 Srini Krishnamurthy, Smart AMI Network
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  gt
• Met01 MetroFi, lthttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me
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• Sky01 SkyPilot, lthttp//skypilot.trilliantinc.co
  mgt
• Eka01 EkaNet, lthttp//www.ekasystems.com/ekanet.
  htmgt
• JS03 J. Jangeun and M. L. Sichitiu, The
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  2003, vol. 10 no. 5, pp. 814.
• RC05 A. Raniwala and T. cker Chiueh,
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  2005, vol. 3, pp. 22232234.
• ANMK08 Akhtar, Nadeem and Moessner, Klaus,
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