World History Advanced Placement Review Time Period Two 600-1450 C.E.

1
World History Advanced Placement Review Time
Period Two 600-1450 C.E.

• Kevin Sacerdote
• Mandarin High School
• Jacksonville, FL 32258

2
Change over Time

• Little change in gender roles, although elite
  women suffered the most (veiling, foot-binding)
• Long distance trade grew a great deal
• The Europeans start to emerge with world trade by
  the end of the time period and China begins to
  isolate themselves

3

• Slides based on the Ethel Wood Study Guide
• Ordering information
• www.dsmarketing.com/books_worldhistory.html
• (10 book minimum for orders)

4
600 1450 C.E. Introduction

• Change over time occurs for many reasons, but
  three phenomena that tend to cause it are
• Mass migrations
• Imperial conquests
• Cross-cultural trade and exchange
• Widespread contact brings new goods, ideas, and
  customs to all areas involved

5
Major Events Developments That Characterized
This Era

• Older belief systems become much more important.
• Christianity, Hinduism, Confucianism, Buddhism
• Two nomadic groups
• Bedouins and Mongols huge impact on the course of
  history during this time frame
• Islam began in the 7th century and spread
  rapidly throughout Western Asia (Middle East), N.
  Africa, Europe, S.E. Asia

6
Major Events Developments That Characterized
This Era

• Islam forms and spreads rapidly throughout the
  world.
• Generally, Europe was not a major civilization
  area before 600 CE. By 1450, it was connected to
  major trade routes and some of its kingdoms
  assert their world power.
• Major empires grow in South America (Inca) and
  Mesoamerica (the Maya and Aztec.)
• China had supremacy over many areas of Asia and
  became one of the largest and most prosperous
  empires of the time.
• Long distance trade continued to develop, and
  became much more complex

7
Major Shifts and Continuities

• The Islamic World
• Impacted political and economic structures.
  Shaped the development of arts, sciences and
  technology.
• Interregional networks and contacts
• Expansion of trade and cultural exchange. Mongols
  first disrupted, then promoted long-distance
  trade throughout the world.
• Chinas internal and external expansion
• Saw China taken over by the Mongols and then
  returned to Han Chinese under the Ming Dynasty.

8
Major Shifts and Continuities

• Developments in Europe
• Feudalism was developed.
• Christianity splits into two. Catholic Church in
  the west and Eastern Orthodox Church in the east.
  Both cases, the Church gains a great deal of
  power.
• Social, cultural, economic patterns in the
  Amerindian world
• Maya, Aztec, and Inca all grow into empires.
• Urbanization continues.

9
The Islamic World

• The founding of Islam
• Founded in Mecca by Muhammad.
• Believed to be the last of the prophets.
• Followers were called Muslims.
• People who submitted to the will of Allah.
• City leaders forced Muhammad to flee Mecca in his
  famous flight to the city of Yathrib
• Known as the Hijrah.
• Changed the citys name to Medina or city of the
  Prophet
• Called the community the umma. Came to refer
  all Muslim believers.

10
Islamic Beliefs and Practices

• Five Pillars of Faith
• Faith Declaration of Faith.
• Prayer Pray five times a day.
• Alms Give money to the poor.
• Fasting Fast sunup to sundown during the month
  of Ramadan.
• Pilgrimage Make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least
  once in their lifetime.
• The Quran
• Most important source of religious authority.
  Believed to be the actual words of Allah.

11
Islamic Beliefs and Practices

• Sunna
• Muhammad's life is seen as the best model for a
  proper living.
• Law of the sharia
• Body of law which regulates the family life,
  moral conduct, business, and community life of
  Muslims.
• In the early days, the sharia brought a sense of
  unity to all Muslims.

12
Reasons For The Spread of Islam

• Religious zeal
• Well-disciplined armies
• Weakness of the Byzantine and Persian Empires
• Treatment of conquered peoples
• Forbid forced conversions.

13
The Sunni-Shia Split

• Sunni
• Most Muslims accepted the Umayyads rule. Believe
  the caliph should be chosen by leaders of the
  Muslim community (majority sect)
• Shia
• This group believe the caliph should be a
  relative of the prophet. Rejected the Umayyads
  rule (Majority in Iran Iraq)

14
The Changing Status of Women

• The Patriarchal system characterized most early
  civilizations
• Islamic women had rights some other women did not
  have
• Could inherit property, divorce husbands, engage
  in business
• But, the Quran allowed men to follow Muhammads
  example to take up to four wives, and women could
  only have one husband

15
The Changing Status of Women

• Muslims also adopted the long-standing custom of
  veiling women
• Upper class women in Mesopotamia wore veils as
  early as the 13th century B.C.E. This practice
  had spread to Persia and the entire Mediterranean
  long before Muhammad lived.
• As Islam spread, so to did the custom

16
Arts, Sciences, and Technologies

• dar al Islam Lands ruled by Islamics
• Islam was always a missionary religion
• By the 10th century C.E, higher level schools
  known as madrasas had appeared
• By the 12th century these schools were supported
  by the wealthy and a flowering of arts, sciences,
  and new technologies spread throughout the
  Islamic world

17
Arts, Sciences, and Technologies

• When Persia became part of the caliphate, the
  conquerors adapted much of their rich culture
• Literary, artistic, philosophical and scientific
  traditions
• Persian became the language of literature,
  poetry, history, and political theory

18
Arts, Sciences, and Technologies

• Islamic states in northern India also adapted
  mathematics from the people they conquered
• Hindi numerals were later called Arabic numerals
  by the Europeans
• This number system also included a symbol for zero

19
Arts, Sciences, and Technologies

• Muslims are credited with the origins of algebra,
  and were interested in Greek philosophy, science,
  and medical writings
• Ibn Khaldum (14th century Moroccan) wrote a
  comprehensive history of the world
• Nasir al-Din- studied and improved the
  cosmological model of Ptolemy (al-Dins work was
  later used by Copernicus).

20
Interregional Networks and Contacts

• Contacts between the Middle East (West Asia), the
  Indian sub-continent, and Asia (long distance
  trade) increased a great deal between 600 1450
  C.E.
• Via the Indian Ocean and the Silk Roads
• Venice and Genoa eventually tied into this
  network by way of the Mediterranean
• Trans-Saharan African trade became more important
  as major civilizations began to develop south of
  the Sahara

21
African Societies Empires

• Until about 600 C.E. most African societies based
  their economies on foraging or simple agriculture
  and herding
• The family was the center of political and social
  life, and none had a centralized government
• The spread of Islam began to change all of this,
  the unifying forces of religion and the sharia
  helped Africa to develop centralized states
• This gradual, nonviolent spread of Islam was very
  conducive to trade, especially due to gold south
  of the Sahara

22
West African Empires(600 1450 CE)Ghana c.a.
700s CE

• By the 700s the Soninke, a farming people,
  created an empire called Ghana (war chief)
• They taxed goods traders brought through their
  area (the Berbers and Arab merchants)
• They also had gold controlled its supply /price
  from the Niger River that they traded for salt
  from the Sahara people
• An impressive army
• Many converted to Islam, but native religions
  also remained, conquered by the Almoravids of N.
  Afr.

23
West African Empires(600 1450 CE)Mali 13th
century CE

• People south of Ghana move in and enlarged the
  former empire of Ghana, it became known as Mali
• Larger, richer and more powerful
• Gold was the base of their wealth
• Sundiata- First great ruler who inspired an epic
  poem, the other was Mansa Musa of hajj fame

24
West African Empires(600 1450 CE)Mali 13th
century CE

• Mansa Musa
• Famous hajj
• Gold price drops due to his journey
• Malis capital city, Timbuktu, became a world
  center of trade, education, and sophistication

25
East Africa (600 1450 CE)The Swahili States

• Politically independent trade cities along
  Africas east coast, very sophisticated
• Collectively known as the Swahili, based on the
  language that they spoke which was a combination
  of Bantu Arabic They were an important link for
  long distance trade.
• Most were Muslims and very talented sailors able
  to manipulate the Indian Ocean to India, and
  other areas of the Middle East via the Red Sea

26
The Crusades (late 11th 13th Centuries)

• By the late 13th century, the Crusades had ended,
  with no permanent gains made for Christians.
• The Crusades DID unite Europeans, and opened up
  new trade routes putting them squarely into the
  major trade networks of the world.

27
The Mongols

• Were they a great civilization, carriers of great
  civilizations, or a combination of both?
• Great example of pastoralists that disrupted
  trade routes
• The Rise Temujin unified clans, and went on to
  be called Chenghis (Genghis) Khan leading his
  people for the next twenty-one years
• One of the most talented military minds in
  history
• They were finally stopped in Eurasia by the death
  of Ogodai the son of Chenghis

28
Two Travelers

• Marco Polo 13th century, from Venice he
  travelled East eventually meeting and working for
  Kublai Khan for 17 years (Yuan Dynasty/China)
• Ibn Battutu 14th century, from Morocco travelled
  mainly within the vast Islamic Empires. He also
  wrote of his travels

29
Chinas Regional Hegemony The Golden Age of
the Tang Song

• Hegemony (Hih-gem-o-nee) Dominance over others
  (political, economic, social and cultural
  influence)
• Between 600 1450 CE it was impossible for one
  empire to dominate the entire world

30
Strengths of the Tang (618 907 CE)

• Buddhism became fully established in China
• Received a warm welcome at first from Daoists, as
  they seemed to have much in common
• They both have priests and monasteries and some
  structure of an organized religion (lacking in
  Confucianism)
• Both interested in spells, charms and breathing
  exercises

31
Tang Accomplishments

1. The Grand Canal and a maintained system of roads,
   including inns, postal stations, and stables
2. The Equal-field system of land distribution,
   controlled the amount of land powerful families
   could own
3. A merit-based bureaucracy (originally developed
   during the Han Dynasty)

32
Tang Dynasty Religious Problems

• Confucian and Daoist supporters took note of
  Buddhisms growing influence, and became jealous
• Confucianism emphasized duties owed to ones
  society, its highest value on order, hierarchy,
  and obedience to superiors
• Buddhism encouraged its supporters to withdraw
  from society and concentrate on personal
  meditation

33
Tang Dynasty Religious Problems

• Finally in the 9th Century, Confucian
  scholar-bureaucrats conspired to convince the
  emperors to take lands away from the Buddhist
  monasteries through the equal-field system
• Buddhism was also attacked for encouraging women
  in politics.
• Wu Zhao, a woman, seized control of the
  government
• Favored Buddhists and Daoists in her court system
• Some worried about barbarians ruining society.
  Many pointed to Buddhism as evidence of foreign
  evil.

34
Founding of the Song

• Emphasized civil administration, industry,
  education, and the arts over the military.
• Never established hegemony over as much area as
  the Tang because of this.
• Political disunity was a constant threat as long
  as the Song held power.
• Presided over Chinas Golden Era which was
  characterized by prosperity, sophistication, and
  creativity.
• Expanded the government based on merit. Accepted
  more candidates to bureaucratic posts than Sui
  and Tang.

35
Problems Under the Song

• Finances Government expenses skyrocketed.
  Raised taxes.
• Two major rebellions responded in protest.
• Military Led by scholar bureaucrats with little
  knowledge in leading armies.
• The Jurchens, a nomadic group with a strong
  military, overran northern China and captured the
  Song capital.
• Southern part of the Song empire would eventually
  be conquered by the Mongols. (1279 CE)

36
Economic Revolutions of the Tang and Song
Dynasties

• Increasing agricultural production
• Increasing population
• Urbanization
• Technological innovations
• Porcelain, iron and steel, gunpowder, movable
  type, and magnetic compass.
• Financial inventions
• Paper money, flying cash and checks

37
Neo-Confucianism

• Neo-Confucians became familiar with Buddhist
  beliefs.
• Li
• A concept that defined a spiritual presence
  similar to the universal spirit of Hinduism and
  Buddhism.
• Reconciled Confucianism with Buddhism.
• Influenced philosophical thought in many Asian
  areas. i.e. China, Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

38
Patriarchal Social Structures

• Elites insured the purity of their lines by
  further confining women to the home.
• Foot binding became very popular.
• Women generally could not walk except with canes.
• Indicated female subservience to their male
  guardians.

39
Kublai Khan, The Yuan Dynasty, and The Early Ming
(1279-1450 CE)

• Kublai Khan captured the capital and set up a new
  one in Beijing and named it Khanbaluk city of
  the Khan.
• Marco Polo described his city as the finest and
  richest in all the world.
• China was unified under Kublai Khan.
• Khan clearly respected Chinese customs and
  innovations.
• Kublai Khan elevated the merchants status.

40
Problems in the Yuan Dynasty

• Too few military to protect too many borders.
• Increased tributes and established tax farming
• Led to corruption.
• Gap between urban rich and the rural poor also
  grew.
• Plague spread through the population.
• Confucian scholars led a revolt and established
  the Ming Empire.

41
Early Ming Dynasty

• Zhu Yuan Zhang located the capital in Nanjing.
• Also tried closing off trade relations with
  Central Asia and the Middle East.
• Reasserted Confucian ideology.
• Turned internal.
• It was possible to do this because of the great
  distance between other empires. China could be
  left alone and no one can do much about it.

42
Korea

• 7th century Korea saw the Silla Dynastys king
  recognize the Tang as his overlord.
• Tang forces withdrew from peninsula.
• Silla rulers retained a great deal of autonomy.
• Built a new capital modeled on the Tang capital.
• Confucian schools were founded.
• Buddhism sparked a lot of interest.
• Korea never developed a bureaucracy based on
  merit.

43
Japan

• Chinese armies never invaded Japan.
• Even Kublai Khans great forces could not
  overcome the straits that lie between Korea and
  Japan
• Kamikaze (from Kami - "god" and kaze - "wind")
  means 'divine wind' in Japanese. It refers to the
  typhoon which saved Japan from a Mongol invasion
  fleet in 1281

44
Japan

• Some Chinese influence made it to Japan
• Confucianism, Buddhism, and Chinese writing
  characters
• But Japan also remained unique in two ways
• Shintoism- native religion, venerated ancestors
  was not replaced by the Chinese belief systems
• The Japanese Emperor from 794-1188 was a
  figurehead, families and military people had the
  real power at this time not the Emperor

45
Japanese Feudalism

• A system of feudalism developed whereby loyalty
  was the key
• Shogun
• Daimyos
• Samurai (loyal) and Ronin (mercenary type)
• Bushido (code), and seppuku (suicide)
• Peasants (the great Majority)
• Merchants (last in many Asian systems)

46
Europe 500 1450 CE

• Fall of Rome 476 CE
• Fall of Constantinople 1453 CE
• Fall of Rome leads to decentralized rule in the
  west
• Germanic tribes Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals,
  Goths, Angles, Saxons, etc
• Greco-Roman, Judaea-Christian (now add Germanic
  influence to W. Civ.)

47
European Feudalism

• A World lit Only by Fire, William Manchester
• Very violent times, land equaled power
• Feudalism (political) Manorialism (economic)
• European feudal institutions revolved around
  political and military relationships

48
European Norman Feudalism

• The lord
• A large landowner (provided vassals with fiefs)
• Knights
• Craftsmen
• Serfs (backbone and majority number of the
  system)
• Considered Nobles

49
Christendom

• Although the Church officially remained tied
  after the fall of Rome in 476, in effect two
  separate churches developed
• The Eastern Orthodox Church in the East
• The Roman Catholic Church in the West
• The schism became official in 1054 CE with the
  Iconoclastic controversy.

50
Byzantine EmpireThe Eastern Roman Empire

• Caesaropapism The Emperor wore two hats
  secular and religious leader
• 6th c. CE Justinian Theodora
• Constantinople
• Built Hagia Sophia
• Extended political boundaries west (temporarily)
• Justinians Code-systemized Roman Law which is
  still used today

51
Church in the West

• Development of hierarchy (Pope, Cardinals,
  Bishops, Priests)
• Development of wandering ministries
• Franciscans, and Dominicans
• Establishment of monasteries convents
• Centers of scholarship (illumination), care for
  the poor, sick, and orphaned
• Central point for Christian Communication

52
Late Middle Ages 1000-1450 CEEurope

• 500 1450 CE is known as the Middle Ages
• Gradual shift from manors to cities and
  towns/villages and self-sufficient manorialism
  to a trade-based economy/revival of trade
• A new Agricultural Revolution
• Population increases (early) followed by the
  plague (1340s and beyond)
• A commercial revolution long distance trade
• Establishment of guilds, charters, universities

53
Early Russia

• Slavs the Rus
• Viking raids and eventual assimilation
• Kiev Novgorod
• Eastern Orthodox Church
• Feudalistic ties, Tsar (derivative of Caesar)
• Arrival of the Mongolians
• Dark Age

54
The Amerindian World

• Prior to 1492, the western and eastern
  hemispheres had very little contact
• Between 600 1450 large Amerindian empires
  existed just like those in Europe, Africa, and
  Asia
• The Maya (300 900 CE)
• The Olmec (by 800 CE)
• The Toltecs ( 900 CE)
• The Aztecs (late 12th c. CE)
• The Inca (14th 15th c. CE)

55
Demographic Environmental Changes 600-1450 CE

• Civilizations spread geographically, covering
  many more parts of the world than previously.
• It was also a time of great migrations of people
  that had a wide impact on the peoples in the
  settled areas (This is Cultural diffusion rather
  than parallel invention)

56
Demographic Environmental Changes 600-1450 CE

• Arabs
• Middle East, Northern Africa, Southern Europe
• Spread of Islam
• Vikings
• From Normandy, to Mediterranean areas to Russia
• Looting and raiding
• Vikings founded the city of Dublin, Ireland
• Led to the development of European feudalism

57
Demographic Environmental Changes 600-1450 CE

• Turks
• Originally Indo-Europeans
• Seljuk Turks invaded the Byzantine Empire
• Ottoman Turks Captured Constantinople (1453)
• Turks also invaded India (Delhi Sultanate) and
  brought Islam with them with great force that it
  is still felt today

58
Demographic Environmental Changes 600-1450 CE

• Mongols
• Brutal, but were carriers of many civilizations
• Provided the stage for international contact
• East China to Wien (Vienna), Russia to Persia
• Established order, Pax Mongolica

59
Demographic Environmental Changes 600-1450 CE

• Bantu-Speaking People
• The Bantu Migration during this period took place
  in Africa
• Originally lived south of the Sahara, in the
  vicinity of modern day Nigeria (West Africa)
• The desert was spreading south and the area was
  getting overcrowded, hence the move to the south
  by south east direction within Africa through a
  variety of climatic zones

60
Bantu Migration
The Bantu ("the people") migration spread through
sub-Saharan Africa (Africa south of the Sahara
Desert), over some 2,000 years. The Bantu, a
linguistically related group of about 60 million
people living in equatorial and southern Africa,
probably originated in West Africa, migrating
downward gradually into southern Africa. This
migration was one of the largest in human history

61
Bantu Migration2000 BCE - 500 CE
62
(No Transcript)
63
The Plague

• Originated in SW China, where it had been
  incubating for centuries
• Long distance trade allowed it to eventually
  spread quickly during the 14th c CE
• Decline in population in China hurt the Yuan
  Dynasty
• European population dropped by 25-33 in most
  areas

64
The Plague

• In Egypt, population levels did not recover to
  pre-plague days until the 1800s
• Labor shortages opened opportunities for many

65
Environmental Changes600 1450 CE

• NOT a period of massive environmental changes
• Population growth soared, some deforestation was
  noticed
• Population density grew especially in Central
  America
• Urbanization continued (especially in the Tang
  Song Dynasties, and Europe)

66
Change over Time

• Characterized by modification, rather than
  innovation (exception was in the Tang and Song
  dynasties)
• Nomadic groups reached their peak of influence on
  the course of world history
• The impact of the major migrations has never been
  matched (Arabic, Viking, Mongol and Turks)

67
(No Transcript)