Title: Chapter 6: India and Southeast Asia 1500 B.C.E.-600 C.E.
1Chapter 6 India and Southeast Asia 1500
B.C.E.-600 C.E.
2I. Foundations of Indian Civilization, 1500
B.C.E.-300 C.E.
- A. The Indian Subcontinent
- 1. India has three topographical zones (1) the
northern mountainous zone, (2) the Indus and
Ganges Basins, and (3) the peninsula. - 2. The pennisula has the following sub regions
tropical Kerala coast, Coromandel coast, flat
area of Tamil Nadu, and the island of Sri Lanka. - 3. This geographical diversity has made it very
difficult for any political power to unify all of
India for any great length of time
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8- B. The Vedic Age
- 1. After the fall of the Indus Valley civ.
Indo-European warriors migrated to India. - 2. The oral tradition of these light skinned
tribes tell of a violent struggle between
themselves and the darker-skinned Dravidian
speaking Dasas. - 3. This struggle led to the creation of the
varna. - 4. 1. Brahmin(priests/scholars), 2. Kshatriya
(warriors), 3. Vaishya (merchants), 4. Shudra
(peasant/laborer), and the untouchables. - 5. The four varna were then divided into
hereditary occupational groups called jati and
were arranged in order of hierarchy. - 6. Belief in reincarnation that each
individuals atman will be reborn in another body
after death. - 7. Your station in your next life depends on
ones actions (karma) - 8. Vedic religion emphasized the worship of male
deities through sacrifice. - 9. Women could study lore and participate in
rituals, they could own land, and they married in
their middle or late teens.
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14- C. Challenges to the Old Order Jainism and
Buddhism - 1. People who reacted against the rigid social
hierarchy went to the forest to achieve
moksha-liberation fro the cycle of birth, death,
and rebirth. - 2. Jainism was founded by Mahavira.
- 3. Jainism practiced non-violence and went to
extremes not to kill any living thing. - 4. Siddathra Gautama founded Buddhism.
- 5. To achieve nirvana-release from the cycle of
birth, death, and rebirth a person had to have
moderate living, self-discipline, and rebirth. - 6. After the death of Buddha his followers
showed reverence for bodhisattvas and the
religion broke into the Mahayana school of new
beliefs, and the Theravada school of original
teachings.
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17In order to eliminate their desires for worldly
things, and thus end the cycle of rebirths, the
Buddha taught his people to follow eight
principals. These eight principals were to know
the truth, resist evil, say nothing that might be
hurtful, respect life, free the mind from evil,
work in service towards neighbors, control evil
thoughts, and practice meditation.
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21- D. The Rise of Hinduism
- 1. Hinduism combined the old vedic religion,
elements of Dravidian cultures such as personal
religious devotion, fertility rituals, and
symbolism along with elements of Buddhism. - 2. Sacrifice became less important.
- 3. Vishnu the preserver.
- 4. Shiva the destroyer.
- 5. These gods and countless others were
understood manifestations of a single divine
source. - 6. Worship centered on temples and included
puja. - 7. Religious duties depended on gender, social
status, and age. - 8. Hinduism appealed to peoples need for a
direct connection. - 9. Became more popular than Buddhism because of
less constraints.
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28II. Imperial Expansion and Collapse, 324
B.C.E.-650 C.E.
- A. The Mauryan Empire, 324 B.C.E.-184 B.C.E.
- 1. Founded by Chandragupta.
- 2. Guided by a Machiavellian brahmin, Kautilya.
- 3. Walled capital and moated city of Patalipura.
- 4. 25 percent tax on agricultural products.
- 5. Ashoka the most famous emperor converted to
Buddhism because he was shaken by the carnage
caused by his brutal wars. - 6. The edicts of Ashoka were inscribed in rocks
and pillars at various points throughout the
empire.
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32- B. Commerce and Culture in an Era of Political
Fragmentation - 1. Was accompanied by economic development in
which guilds of artisans and merchants played a
dominant role. - 2. The Bhagavad-Gita addressed the contradiction
between duty to society and duty to ones own
soul. This contradiction can be resolved when
one takes disciplined action without regard for
personal benefit and realizes that this is a
service to the gods. - 3. Southern India (three Tamil kingdoms Cholas,
Pandyas, and Cheras) had great artistic
development and Northern India established an
independent state in Deccan.
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35- C. The Gupta Empire 320-550 C.E.
- 1. Began with the Kingdom of Magadha and brought
Northern and Central India under one control. - 2. Army controlled core of empire, but
provincial administration controlled their posts
almost independently. - 3. Theater state because of lack of military
power. - 4. Intellectuals came up with concept of zero
and invented so-called Arabic numerals. - 5. Women lost right to inherit and own property,
married very young, and widows were often
required to burn themselves on there husbands
funeral pyre. - 6. Dominated by Hinduism, but was characterized
by religious toleration. - 7. Linked to the outside rule by extensive trade
networks. - 8. Collapsed under the financial burden of
defense against the Huns. - 9. Southern India was ruled by the warrior
kingdoms of Pallavas and the Cholas.
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40III. Southeast Asia 50-1025 C.E.
- A. Geography, Resources, and Early Civilization
- 1. Southeast Asia has three ecological zones
Indochina Mainland, Malay Peninsula, and the
islands. - 2. Natural resources included fertile
agricultural lands, dependable monsoon rains, and
several growing seasons a year. - 3. Early inhabitants practiced swidden
agriculture and domesticated important crops and
animals such as rice, soybeans, sugar cane,
chickens and pigs. - 4. Malay peoples migrated from southern China
and continued into the Pacific islands. - 5. Trade brought Hindu/Buddhist culture.
- 6. First major state to appear was Funan in the
Mekong river delta. - 7. Dominated due to the isthmus of Ka until new
trade routs bypassed Funan.
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44IV. Comparative Perspectives
- A. Comparison of Sources 1. The ancient
history of India is derived more from religious
artifacts and religious writings than in other
areas of the ancient world. - 2. Indians belief in cyclical creation and
recreation of the world left them with little use
for keeping a written record of a brief moment in
time.
45- B. Diversity and Unity Within India
- 1. Political and social division has been the
norm in India due to the topographical and
environmental diversity of the subcontinent. - 2. Unified under strong central governments such
as the Mauryan and Gupta kings who came to
dominance by controlling metal resources and
trade routes. - 3. Used elaborate class and caste structures to
organize their diverse populations. - 4. Hinduism is derived from southern Dravidian
cultures and Buddhism and is less fixed than the
practices of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
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