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Ceilingrelated Fatalities

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Title: Ceilingrelated Fatalities


1
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2
Ceiling-related Fatalities
  • By Travis Murphy

St. Patricks Cathedral in Manhattan
3
Common Activities
  • Ceiling tasks vary based on the type of ceiling
    being installed, but most work is done overhead
    and the worker is usually above ground level.
  • A standard drywall ceiling installation involves
    attaching furring strips, applying adhesive to
    ceiling joists, setting the drywall in position,
    and then securing it with screws or nails to the
    ceiling joists.
  • Openings are then cut in the drywall for vents or
    light fixtures with either a rotary drill or
    keyhole saw.
  • Joint compound and tape is applied along the
    seams to keep them from being noticeable.

4
Fatalities
  • Most of the fatalities that occur when working on
    or near the ceiling of a building are from
    electrocution during lighting fixture or other
    wiring work.
  • The other common cause of fatalities is from
    falling either off a ladder/lift or from the
    ceiling members the worker is supported on.

5
Typical Accident
  • An employee, a drywall finisher, was sanding the
    ceiling in a second floor hallway. He was
    standing on an open-sided floor above the
    concrete first floor when he slipped off the edge
    and fell 10 feet to the first floor, sustaining
    fatal injuries. Guardrails had been in place
    previously but had been removed to move supplies
    such as doors, drywall, and windows to the second
    floor. At the time the employee fell, those
    guardrails had not been replaced.

6
Avoiding Fatalities
  • Electrocutions would be greatly reduced if all
    OSHA lockout/tagout protocols were followed on
    the jobsite. Electricians should also check for
    accidental live wires before they begin working.
  • Deaths from falling are tougher to avoid, but
    requiring employees to use fall protection
    whenever they are near an unprotected edge or
    working over the ceiling would help.

7
Other Comments
  • As long as the OSHA regulations are followed and
    the contractor keeps an eye on the workers to
    avoid dangerous situations, ceiling work is
    relatively safe.

8
  • Sealant Application
  • By Brent Thurn
  • Sealant Application
  • RELATED FATALITIES
  • Over the fourteen year span between 1991-2004,
    there have been nine related fatalities with the
    profession
  • 3 have been due to fires
  • 4 have been due to falls
  • 2 have been due to traffic incidents
  • Fire Related Deaths
  • Workers working in unventilated areas would allow
    the sealant vapor to build in the room that would
    ignite and cause flash fires
  • Fire Related Deaths (cont)
  • Workers need to help aid the increasing of
    ventilation in confined areas
  • Where there is a confined area in question
    workers should be equipped with fire protective
    equipment as a precaution.
  • This could include chemical-type splash goggles
    or full face shield, or impermeable apron and
    gloves constructed of nitrile rubber, neoprene
    rubber or polyvinyl alcohol
  • Fall Related Deaths
  • There have been four separate fall related deaths
    due to workers that were applying sealants over
    the fourteen year span
  • Fall Deaths- Skylights
  • Two of these deaths occurred when workers were
    applying onto the roof of a building, would
    accidentally stepped through sky lights. They
    would fall around 19 feet and sustain heavy
    cranial trauma.

9
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10
Hypoxic Asphyxiation Dangers in Construction
  • By Ian Miller

11
Common Activities
  • Confined spaces
  • Sewers
  • Swimming pools
  • Houses
  • Pipelines
  • Tanks
  • Manholes
  • Trenches
  • Elevator shafts
  • Meter Vaults
  • Any space without adequate Air Movement and
    Replenishment.

12
Fatalities
  • 21 Fatalities found in this study.
  • Most Asphyxiation accidents are more correctly
    described as Mechanical Asphyxiation via Cave-In
    or Caught-in-Between
  • Hypoxic Asphyxiation is caused simply by
    breathing the atmosphere in a space.

13
Typical Examples
  • Welder was Tungsten Inert Gas Welding in a
    confined space at a refinery and suffered Argon
    asphyxiation.
  • employee 1 started a propane-powered 25 kv
    generator, fumes filled the area. Employee 1 was
    wearing an air line pressure demand respirator.
    which was operating inside the building. Air
    intake compressor was picking up the exhaust from
    the generator and supplying it directly to
    employee 1.

14
Typical Examples
  • employee 1 connected a supplied air breathing
    hood line to a plant nitrogen line and then
    donned the hood to start sandblasting.
  • Operational sewer lines. 2 fell into the manhole
    as he opened it-1 and 3 attempted to rescue
    him. All died of asphyxia. Testing equipment was
    present, but unused. No forced ventilation, no
    rescue equipment, no air supply, and no competent
    person on site.

15
Avoiding Fatalities
  • Confined-Space rules must be set and followed
    to-the-T every time.
  • Any supplied gas must be checked.
  • TEST!
  • Testing equipment is inexpensive and almost
    instantaneous.
  • If a space has walls of any sort or height,
    caution is advised.

16
Other Comments
  • There are regulations on the gas take-off ports,
    but some connectors are interchangeable-This
    needs remedy.
  • If someone has collapsed in an enclosed space, it
    is for a reason. Test then rescue.

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18
Driving VehiclesTo the worksite and within
  • By Kristen Hlad

19
Common Activities
  • The moving, transporting, or lifting of materials
    and/or employees to and from a jobsite and within
    the jobsite.

20
Fatalities
  • Struck (Run-Over) 35
  • 8 by Mechanical Failure
  • 9 by Employee Error
  • Electrocution 6
  • Crushed (Roll-over) 50
  • 7 by Mechanical Failure
  • 15 by Employee Error
  • Pinned 26
  • 1 by Mechanical Failure
  • 8 by Employee Error
  • Crashed 14
  • 1 by Mechanical Failure
  • 6 by Employee Error
  • Misc 29
  • 2 by Mechanical Error
  • 15 by Employee Error

21
Typical Example
  • Employee was placing traffic warning signs on a
    road.
  • Employee parked the backhoe in the middle turn
    lane of a 3-lane road and dismounted his backhoe
    leaving the engine running
  • Employee proceeded to move to the rear of the
    backhoe and place himself in between the swing
    arm and raised outrigger on the left side of the
    backhoe relative to driving position of the
    backhoe.
  • Employee apparently attempted to remove traffic
    warning sign(s) and associated flagging material
    from the floorboard on the left side of the
    backhoe relative to the drivers seat in the
    driving position.
  • It appears that as Employee pulled the sign(s)
    and associated flagging material from the rear of
    the backhoe he depressed the pedal that moves the
    backhoe's swing arm right.
  • The swing arm moved to the right and pinned
    Employee between the arm and raised right
    outrigger.
  • Employee sustained internal injuries, never
    regain consciousness, and died.
  • The amount of weight from placing the flagging on
    the operating petal of the boom was found to be
    enough force to activate the right swing boom of
    the backhoe
  • Factors involved in the accident included the
    following
  • 1. Employee leaving engine on when leaving the
    backhoe
  • 2. Employee placing material on the floor board
    of the backhoe
  • 3. No guard covering foot petal to prevent
    accidental activation.

22
Typical Example
  • Employee, on his second day on the job, was sent
    to direct trucks and take tickets from truck
    drivers who had delivered their loads.
  • The early part of June had had an unusual amount
    of rain and the roads were very damp and muddy.
  • Several trucks had gotten stuck that day and
    limerock had been laid down to help stabilize the
    road.
  • Employee was standing on a 12 to 24 inch pile of
    lime rock that had not been crushed into the road
    when it apparently gave way as one of the hauling
    trucks made a wide turn.
  • Employee slipped and fell under the rear tandem
    wheels, which crushed him to death.
  • Because of soft spots in the road, truck drivers
    would have to accelerate a few miles per hour
    more than would be expected under normal driving
    conditions.
  • Employee was not wearing any colored garments and
    had not received any training addressing unsafe
    or hazardous conditions.

23
Avoiding Fatalities
  • Improving working areas by
  • signage
  • lighting
  • road surfaces
  • staff training
  • traffic management
  • vehicle maintenance
  • installation of safety apparatus

24
Avoiding Fatalities
  • Example of a safety checklist for workplace
    transportation

25
Avoiding Fatalities
26
Other Comments
  • The most common vehicle accidents at work are
    caused by
  • people being hit by vehicles
  • people falling from vehicles
  • objects falling from vehicles on to people
  • vehicles toppling over

27
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28
CONFINED SPACES
29
Causes of Deaths in
Confined Spaces
  • CAUSE No. of Deaths
  • Asphyxiation 13
  • Drowning 8
  • Falling 3
  • Heart Attack 2
  • Electrocution 1
  • Burns 1
  • Head Trauma 1
  • Suffocation 1
  • Natural Causes 1

30
Leading Causes of Death in Confined Spaces
31
Asphyxiationto cause to die or lose
consciousness by impairing normal breathing, as
by gas or other noxious agents choke suffocate
smother.
Leading Cause of Deaths
32
2nd Leading Cause of Deaths
  • Drowning Becoming momentarily unconscious from
    asphyxia then collapsing and drowning, in usually
    small amounts of water at bottom of space.

33
3rd Leading Cause of Deaths
  • Falling
  • Becoming momentarily unconscious from asphyxia
    then loosing balance and falling, resulting in
    critical bodily injury.

34
Prevention of Confined Space Deaths
  • Majority of deaths caused from not taking
    precautionary methods.
  • Improper Ventilation in Spaces
  • No Testing of Oxygen Levels or other Atmospheric
    Gases present.

35
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37
Work Task or Trade Fatalities
  • Scaffolding
  • By Tahir Edwards

38
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39
Common Activities
  • Scaffolding utilized to accomplished work
    performed above the ground. Usually accessed by
    ladders.

40
Fatalities
  • 1 of fatalities related to scaffolding,
    approximately 80 of such injuries were fall
    related

41
Case 1
  • An employee was working from a single plank
    approximately 13 feet above the ground receiving
    planks and frame from another employee at the
    ground to set up the scaffolding. The victim
    tried to position himself and stepped on the
    installed middle frame of the scaffolding with
    his left foot but missed it and subseqeuntly fell
    to the ground head first. The victim died on the
    way to the hospital.

42
Case 2
  • An employee was working on a scaffolding. The
    employee was working at a level of approximately
    42 feet. The employee was kneeled down working
    from the work platform. The employee attempted to
    raise from the kneeled position. The employee
    used the guardrail to assist him in rising from
    the kneeled position and the guardrail gave way,
    leading to the fall.

43
Avoiding Fatalities
  • Make provisions for mandatory tie-off and
    guardrail protection

44
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45
Work Task FatalitiesCaulking
  • By William Ryan Parrish

46
Common Activities
  • How the work is commonly done
  • Heights
  • Dangerous Environments

Whenever possible, pushdon't pullthe caulking
gun to drive caulk into the joint. Then tool the
bead smooth
Loading a tube of caulking into a caulking gun
47
Fatalities
  • 20 Fatalities
  • 1 Struck by a Vehicle
  • 1 Electrocution
  • 1 Falling Gable Crushed Worker
  • 17 Falls
  • 2 through skylights
  • 14 fell due to inadequate safety equipment
  • 1 accidentally walked off the edge of a roof

48
Typical Example
  • At or about 1100 a.m. on April 26, 1995,
    employee 1, a masonry/general contractor, went
    to the chestnut hill township recycling plant
    located outside of Effort, PA. The steel building
    is 110 ft long by 50 ft wide, with a roof pitch
    of 412 and an eave height of 17 ft above the
    ground. Employee 1 told the manager at the
    recycling center that he was going to caulk holes
    in the roof. He put a ladder up against the right
    side of the building and climbed the ladder onto
    the metal roof.

49
Typical Example
  • Approximately 5 to 15 minutes later, a resident,
    who was driving onto the property, saw a man
    lying on the ground. He immediately informed the
    manager and she proceeded to the area. Employee
    1 was found lying face down with a pocket knife
    and caulking gun lying beside him. The knife had
    caulking and dirt stuck to the blade. She assumed
    he fell from the roof and immediately called 911.
    Employee 1 was never revived on site and was
    pronounced dead at the scene at 1236 p.m. by the
    Monroe county deputy coroner.

50
Typical Example
  • The investigation revealed that the employee was
    not using any fall protection while on the roof
    and he was wearing sneakers with smoothly worn
    soles. There were no witnesses to the accident.
    There were no marks visible to indicate that
    employee 1 may have slid for a distance before
    leaving the roof, nor is there any evidence of
    any structural failure. In reconstructing the
    accident CSI (csho) believes that the employee
    was walking across the roof near the eaves while
    cutting the end off a tube of caulking with a
    pocket knife. He apparently misjudged his
    distance and walked off the edge. The condition
    of his sneakers may have contributed to the fall.

51
Avoiding Fatalities
  • Fatality Awareness for Caulking
  • Situational awareness
  • Warning Labels on Caulking Tubes
  • Fall Protection
  • Nonconductive Ladders

52
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53
Skid Loader Fatalities
  • Presented by Amanda Manthorne

54
Common Activities
  • A skid loader can sometimes be used in place of a
    large excavator (digging a hole while inside the
    hole)
  • Used for digging under a structure where overhead
    clearance does not allow for the boom of a large
    excavator
  • The conventional bucket can be replaced with a
    variety of specialized buckets (backhoe, pallet
    forks, angle broom, snow blower, trencher,
    auger)

55
Fatalities
  • 20 cases noted
  • Most common (12 cases) involve operators head
    being crushed by arms of machine
  • 2 cases- worker struck by bucket
  • 2 cases- worker pinned under machine
  • 4 cases- other, ex. improper use, objects falling
    out of bucket, thrown from machine, etc.

56
Typical Example
  • the employee was operating a john deere
    skid-steer loader with the guard missing on the
    right side of the operator position. A seat belt
    was installed but was not in use. The operator
    picked up a large load of snow in the bucket and
    was moving the machine to the dumping area with
    the bucket in the up position. As the machine
    passed diagonally over a bump the operator was
    thrown against the right side of the cab where
    the guard was missing. His head was between the
    pinch points of the loader arms when the foot
    control was depressed, causing the bucket to
    rapidly fall, crushing the employees skull
    between the loader arms

57
Avoiding Fatalities
  • Operate machine on near level ground
  • Do not exit machine while it is running
  • Wear seatbelt
  • Be sure that machine has working guard, complete
    cage, and rollover protective cab structure

58
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59
Work Task or Trade Fatalities while Paving
Construction
  • By Chirag Upadhyaya.

60
Work Task or Trade Fatalities while Paving
Construction
  • By Chirag Upadhyaya.

61
Common Activities
  • Generally Paving work is done with several safety
    considerations but sometime few things are
    skipped that can be very dangerous to employees.
  • Sometime toolbox meetings or and training
    sessions are skipped.

62
Common Activities
  • Few employees are unaware of the danger.

63
Common Activities
  • Safety/protective devices are sometimes ignored
    by the employees.

64
Common Activities
  • Not all safety signs are taken care of.
  • Employees do not talk to the supervisor if some
    incident happens.

65
Fatalities
  • There are more than 1 fatalities related to
    paving construction. (As from the data given in
    the excel sheet)
  • Examples of fatalities
  • Most of them fell from roof or other high surface
    on to the paving and died.
  • There are some fatalities where the employee
    strikes against the equipment or the vehicle hits
    and crushes him to death.

66
Fatalities
  • Examples of fatalities
  • Fatalities also resulted due to non behavior of
    traffic rules and vehicle collide with the
    employee leading to death.

67
Fatalities
  • Examples of fatalities
  • There are also cases where fatalities have
    recorded due to improper or damaged equipment.
  • Fatality also recorded when the incoming vehicle
    could not slow at the construction site and hit
    the employee.
  • An employee without proper safety training was
    also a victim of paving construction.

68
Typical Example
  • An employee was cutting asphalt pavement with an
    air supplied jack hammer on a road under
    construction. An employee (truck driver) parked a
    22 wheel tractor trailer (low boy) approximately
    25 yards in front of the employee who was cutting
    the pavement. The truck was parked on a 3.5grade
    and the engine was not running. The driver had
    left the vehicle and it remained parked for one
    and one half hours. The truck then rolled down
    the road and struck the employee who was cutting
    pavement. The truck continued down the grade
    traveling approximately 200 yards where it struck
    a soft dirt mound. The employee was killed
    instantly.

69
Typical Example
  • This accident might have occurred due to the
    vibrations caused by the paving being cut with
    the help of jack hammer.
  • This fatality could have been avoided if some
    curb some stone or concrete blocks were placed
    at the end of the wheels.

Stone or Concrete Block
70
Avoiding Fatalities
  • While paving is to be done there are certain
    things to be kept in mind before starting the
    work.
  • All workers are given training to work in proper
    manner and follow the right procedures for a
    particular work.
  • Employees must be aware of any danger.
  • Employees must put on their protective devices
    before starting the work.
  • If work is done near a heavy traffic location,
    then the traffic needs to be routed to a
    different route.
  • Prior to start, make sure that all safety signs
    are properly up and readable. Also reflective,
    fluorescent cones should be placed at an
    appropriate distance from construction site, that
    incoming traffic have time to slow.
  • While using the equipment or machinery, check if
    there are any problems with it. It must be
    equipped with the backup alarm and flash lights.
  • Inform the employer of any health and safety
    concerns.

71
Other Comments
  • Paving Construction Driving Safety.

72
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73
Lowboy
  • By Kenneth Collins

74
Lowboy Usage
  • Transportation of extremely large equipment
  • Dozer
  • Backhoes
  • Cranes
  • Compactors
  • Transportation of materials
  • Logs
  • Steel pipe
  • Precast concrete

75
Fatalities
  • 34 cases were reviewed
  • 29 people were killed during incident
  • 45 unloading/loading
  • 14 backed over or ran over
  • 10 struck by ramp
  • 14 repositioning equipment
  • 7 improper loading of material
  • 10 faulty equip., park on highway, exposed
    tires
  • 3 electrocutions
  • 1 head and neck trauma
  • 1 Just a good crushing

76
Typical Example
  • employee 1 was unloading an earthmoving dozer
    from a lowboy trailer. He backed the dozer
    partially off the lowboy's rear ramps, causing
    the dozer to slide and overturn onto its left
    side. Employee 1 was pinned between the rops and
    the ground. He died from chest injuries.

77
Typical Example
  • Forman was assisting a driver in the unloading of
    heavy equipment from a lowboy. The driver
    released the safety bar holding the ramp and the
    ramp fell striking the foreman in the head. The
    foreman was standing approximately three (3) feet
    from the end of the transport trailer. The ramp
    weighed approximately one and one-half tons.

78
Avoiding Fatalities
  • Loading and Unloading
  • Be sure lowboy is on a level surface
  • If coming in on a angle, back up and try again
  • Wear a safety belt
  • Dont try to jump off equipment if its falling
  • Repositioning Equipment
  • Unload equipment, dont try to reposition
  • Wear safety belt

79
Avoiding Fatalities
  • Back over / run over / Ramp
  • Be aware of your surroundings
  • Dont rely on someone else
  • Be aware of what others are doing around you
  • Dont take unnecessary risk
  • Electrocution
  • Take note of power lines
  • Dont take risk, move away from Power lines if to
    close

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81
STEPP LADDER FATALITIES
  • BY PETER DONKOR

82
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83
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84
Common Activities
  • The fatalities involved the use of step ladders
    in the following ways
  • Installing electrical fittings above ground.
  • Working on roofs .
  • Demolishing works.
  • Working on HVAC equipment.

85
Common Activities (CONTD)
  • 5. Dry wall installation

86
Fatalities
  • There were a total of 55 fatalities associated
    with step ladders in the data provided.
  • Most of the fatalities were a result of head
    injuries sustained after falling off step
    ladders.
  • Some of the fatalities were as a result of
    electric shocks that lead to workers falling off
    ladders.
  • There were about three instances in which workers
    actually died from electrocution after making
    contact with power lines whiles on step ladders.

87
Fatalities (CONTD)
  • The actual causes of death were head injuries,
    neck injuries, chest injuries and electrocutions.

88
Typical Example
  • The victim was straddling the top of an
    eight-foot step ladder when the step ladder
    became unstable and tipped. The victim fell
    backwards off the step ladder and struck the back
    of his head on a rock slab. The victim suffered a
    closed head injury which resulted in his death.

89
Avoiding Fatalities
  • Workers should be properly trained in the use of
    step ladders.
  • Workers should never over reach from a ladder.
  • Fall protection should be provided when working
    on ladders .
  • Workers should always stay as low on the ladder
    as practical. Never climb beyond where you have a
    good handhold.

90
Avoiding Fatalities (CONTD)
  • Workers working on step ladders should wear
    protective equipment against electrical shocks.
  • Head protection should be provided for workers on
    step ladders since most fatalities are head
    injury related.

91
Avoiding Fatalities (CONTD)
  • Open the ladders as far as it will go and make
    sure the spreader arms are locked in place.

92
Other Comments
  • In all the cases that I closely looked at, the
    OSHA inspectors did not relate the fatalities to
    defective step ladders. There was however a case
    in which a step ladder was reported as having a
    bent step and a skid pad missing from one leg but
    this was not cited as the cause of the accident.
  • In a number of the cases, the cause of death was
    not know because workers were on step ladders
    with no one around. It would therefore be helpful
    to always have another worker on the ground when
    there is a worker on a step ladder.

93
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94
Tilt-up Walls
  • By Paul Wrobleski

95
CONCRETE FORMING
PROCEDURES
96
PLACING SUPPORT RODSAND BRACKETS
97
TILT-UP
98
PUT INPLACE
99
BRACEWALLS
100
Typical Example
  • On August 5, 2002 three workers were killed and
    two others slightly injured when a 20' wide x 23'
    high 40,000 lb. reinforced concrete tilt-up wall
    panel fell over on top of them while they were
    eating their lunch.
  • The wall panel fell approximately 2 hours after
    the temporary braces were removed from the wall
    panel by the tilt-up wall contractors. The
    braces were removed before permanent connections
    at the roof and base were made.
  • None of these connections were made.

101
  • As a result, the wall panel was free standing on
    a set of shims after the braces were removed
    until it fell on top of the victims.
  • Additionally, an independent testing company was
    supposed to inspect all welds and issue a report.
    The report was incorrect in that it had indicated
    that all the welds were complete, when in fact,
    two wall panels were not welded at all, one of
    which fell.

102
Avoiding Fatalities
  • ALL PERMANENT CONNECTIONS CHECKED BEFORE REMOVAL
    OF BRACING.
  • TIE-OFF WHEN WORKING AT HIGH ELEVATIONS.
  • DONT EAT LUNCH WITHIN 40 OF TILT-UP WALLS.

103
Other Comments
  • FOLLOW PROCEDURES FOR TILT-UP WALLS.
  • THE TILT-UP PANELS CAN BE 40,000 LBS.
  • AND HAVE GREAT LEVERAGE.

104
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105
Extension Ladders

Supriya Ghule Spring 2007
106
Introduction
  • These are just a few of the Federal regulations
    on ladders
  • 1910.1053 Ladders
  • 1910.27 Fixed ladders (Walking Surfaces)
  • 1910.25 Portable wood ladders
  • 1910.26 Portable metal ladders
  • A ladder is one of the simplest most easy-to-use
    tools in the construction industry.
  • Most common types of accidents are
  • Electrocution due to overhead power-lines
  • Tipping off or slipping off the ladder while
    climbing up or down.
  • Attempting to move the ladder while standing on
    it or trying to reach away from the ladders.

107
Causes of Accidents
  • Lack of training before use and inspection before
    use.
  • Lack of safety or tool-box meetings.
  • Carrying tools or materials while going up or
    down on the ladder.
  • Negligence and complacency about use by the
    workers.

108
Fatalities
  • During the years 1980 through 1985, the contact
    of metal ladders with overhead power lines
    accounted for approximately 4 of all
    work-related electrocutions in the United States
    (e.g., 17 out of 382 deaths for 1985) NIOSH
  • An analysis of Census of Fatal Occupational
    Injuries data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics
    for the years 1992-1999 showed that the major
    causes of deaths from falls were falls from roofs
    (33), ladders (14)
  • One finding was that at least 16 of what were
    classified as falls were actually collapses or
    tip-overs of the surfaces the workers were
    standing on.
  • The average fatality rate as a result of falls
    from working surfaces is 0.49 per 100000 workers.
    (2000)

109
Example 1
  • Three employees were installing rain gutter on
    the east side of a two-story farm house. The
    eaves on the house were 18 feet above the ground.
    After the employees returned from lunch, two of
    them were putting tools into their van. They had
    their backs to the house. The other employee was
    carrying an extension ladder to the van without
    first retracting it. The ladder contacted an
    overhead power line that was 14 feet from the
    east eaves and was 18 to 20 feet above the
    ground. The employee was pronounced dead of
    electrocution on arrival at a local hospital.

110
Example 2
  • An employee climbed a 32-foot wooden extension
    ladder to cut down three conductors from a
    utility pole. His employer told him that the
    conductors were de-energized. Unfortunately, the
    conductors were energized and, when the employee
    cut into the first one with a pair of bolt
    cutters, he was electrocuted.

111
Example 3
  • The victim was climbing down a 12' aluminum
    extension ladder when the ladder slipped on the
    concrete floor. This ladder did not have rubber
    safety feet and was not tied in. The ladder was
    leaning against a platform 9'5" above the floor,
    and was located near the center of this 25' wide
    platform inside a warehouse.

112
Example 4
  • On march 23, 1993, employees 1 and 2, of
    Washing Unlimited, were cleaning the exterior of
    a two story brick veneer single family residence
    using manual tools and a power washer. The
    employees were attempting to clean the chimney,
    which was approximately 33 ft high on the north
    side of the house. The employees were using two
    vertical sections of mobile scaffolding that
    allowed them to reach only a height of
    approximately 16 ft. The employees placed a 32 ft
    extension ladder on top of the scaffold to reach
    the upper chimney. When one employee climbed the
    ladder, the scaffold tipped over and both
    employees fell to the ground. Employee 1 died
    and employee 2 was hospitalized.

113
Avoiding Fatalities
  • Ladder Inspection
  • Always check a ladder before using it. Inspect
    wood ladders for cracks and splits in the wood.
    Check all ladders to see that steps or rungs are
    tight and secure. Be sure that all hardware and
    fittings are properly and securely attached. Test
    movable parts to see that they operate without
    binding or without too much free play. Inspect
    metal and fiberglass ladders for bends and
    breaks.
  • Never use a damaged ladder. Tag it "Defective"
    and report it to the boss so that it may be
    removed from the job.

114
Proper use and setup
  • Keep the steps and rungs of ladders free of
    grease, oil, wet paint, mud, snow, ice, paper and
    other slippery materials. Also clean such debris
    off your shoes before climbing a ladder.
  • Always face a ladder when climbing up or down.
    Use both hands and maintain a secure grip on the
    rails or rungs.
  • Never carry heavy or bulky loads up a ladder.
    Climb up yourself first, and then pull up the
    material with a rope.
  • Climb and stand on a ladder with your feet in the
    center of the steps or rungs.
  • Do not overreach from a ladder, or lean too far
    to one side. A good rule is to always keep your
    belt buckle inside the rails of a ladder.
  • Never climb onto a ladder from the side, from
    above the top or from one ladder to another.
  • Never slide down a ladder.
  • Never set up or use a ladder in a high wind,
    especially a lightweight metal or fiberglass
    type.

115
  • Do not use a ladder that is damaged or one that
    is not sturdy enough to withstand the load or
    weight of the persons working on it.
  • Do not try to make a ladder reach farther by
    setting it on boxes, barrels, bricks, blocks or
    other unstable bases.

116
Ladder Selection and Inspection
  • Never splice or tie two short ladders together to
    make a long section.
  • Top support for a ladder is as important as good
    footing. The top should rest evenly against a
    flat, firm surface.
  • When a ladder is used for access to an upper
    landing surface, it must extend three rungs, or
    at least three feet above the landing surface.
  • A ladder used for access to an upper landing
    surface should be secured against sideways
    movement at the top or held by another worker
    whenever it is being used.

117
Required Overlaps
118
Proper angles for Use
  • The technically proper angle for a
    non-self-supporting ladder is about 75 degrees
    above horizontal.
  • If ladders are set up at a steeper angle than 75
    degrees above horizontal, they must be tied off
    at the top to prevent this form happening.
  • The distance from the foot of a ladder to the
    wall should never be more than one-half the
    height to the support point, an angle of about 63
    degrees above horizontal

119
Extension Ladder Dos
  • When using a ladder to climb onto a roof or
    platform, extend the ladder at least 3 ft past
    the edge it is resting against.
  • Set up the ladder at a safe angle. Put your toes
    against the bottom of the rails and stretch your
    arms out at shoulder height. You should be able
    to grasp the rung with your hands (see front).
  • Use an extension ladder no longer than 44 ft.
  • On two-section extension ladders, the sections
    must overlap at least 3 ft. Overlap must be at
    least 4 ft for ladders over 33 ft.
  • Locate or create a level and firm surface for the
    base of the ladder.
  • Secure the top and, when feasible, the bottom of
    the extension ladder.
  • wear a safety harness and tie off to a
    well-anchored lifeline or other support (not to
    the ladder) when working higher than 10 ft.
  • When climbing up or down, always face the
    extension ladder and maintain three-point contact
    with two hands and a foot or two feet and a hand.

120
Extension Ladder Donts
  • Do not move ladder by rocking, jogging or pushing
    it away from a supporting wall.
  • Do not leave tools or materials on top of
    ladders.
  • Never push or pull anything sideways while on a
    ladder.
  • Allow only one person at a time on a ladder.
  • Never use a ladder as a horizontal platform,
    plank, scaffold or material hoist.
  • Never use a ladder on a scaffold platform.

121
Continued
  • Never use metal ladders around exposed electrical
    wiring. Metal ladders should be marked with tags
    or stickers reading "CAUTION-Do Not Use Around
    Electrical Equipment" or similar wording.
  • RULE of THUMB If the overhead power line is 50
    kV or less, then stay at least 10 feet away. For
    everything else, keep at least 35 feet away.

122
Conclusion
  • The fact is, a ladder is one of the simplest most
    easy-to-use tools in the construction industry.
  • But, statistics suggest that the working men and
    women in America abuse and misuse ladders in the
    workplace as a rule rather than an exception.
  • So, making a well-designed and well-taught ladder
    safety program and routine inspections are well
    worth the effort.

123
References
  • http//www.cdc.gov/elcosh/docs/d0100/d000170/d0001
    70.html
  • http//www.dhs.ca.gov/ohb/BuildSafe/SafetyBreakEng
    lish/11-Ladders,_extension.pdf

124
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125
Shotcrete Deaths
  • Shotcrete appears to be a fairly safe occupation
    because of the lack of deaths
  • From 1991 to 2004 there have only been 4
    fatalities

126
Cases
  • 'The site is the construction of 767 feet of
    underground tunnel. When completed it will be a
    passenger walk back tunnel. The tunnel is
    approximately 40 feet wide and 16 feet high on
    the first phase. The height of the tunnel when
    the second phase is completed will be
    approximately 26 feet high. The tunnel is
    approximately 27 feet underground. The tunnel
    runs from one terminal to the other terminal.
    Approximately 700 feet of tunnel had been
    excavated when the accident occurred at the face
    where work was progressing. The victim was
    working at the earthen face operating a shotcrete
    hose spraying the sidewalls when the top and side
    collapse. Three other employees were working in
    the same location and were able to exit before
    being trapped. Fire and rescue were called and
    attempted to rescue the trapped employee. However
    rescue attempts were ceased after 24 hours and a
    retrieval operation was implemented. The victim
    was located on 11/6/00.

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128
Cases Contd
  • on march 24, 1995, employee 1 and a coworker,
    both of batterton waterproofing inc., were
    working on the interior of a multi-bin concrete
    grain silo at gowrie, ia. The bin was triangular,
    measuring 11 ft by 11 ft by 14 ft, with an
    effective depth of 126.3 ft. The employees were
    driving steel pins with a powder actuated driver
    and drilling 3/4 in. diameter holes with an
    electric hammer drill into the concrete sidewalls
    in preparation for gunite application. The
    employees entered the bin at approximately 730
    a.m. and rode the powered scaffold close to the
    top of the bin. The scaffold was supported by
    three 5/16 in. wire ropes and consisted of three
    hilo d-800 units with a triangular platform
    constructed from six 2 in. by 12 in. by 8 ft
    planks and 1/2 in. plywood, without a guardrail
    on the side where work was performed. They
    performed the drilling and driving operations. At
    approximately 800 a.m. they were ready to
    descend to the next work level. While descending,
    a wire cable came out of a pulley, causing one
    corner of the platform to drop about 3 ft.
    Employee 1 was operating one power unit from
    outside the perimeter of the guardrail. The
    coworker was operating two of the power units
    with his back toward employee 1. Neither
    employee was wearing fall protection. The
    coworker grabbed onto the hilo scaffold unit to
    his right to prevent his falling. Employee 1
    fell approximately 100 ft to the sloping concrete
    bin floor and then another 10 feet through the
    access hole. He died.

129
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130
RECAP
  • For over 13 yrs data has been collected and there
    have only been 5 deaths that shotcrete and gunite
    have been involved in, however, there are only 2
    deaths that can be directly linked to these
    materials.

131
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132
Demolition Fatalities
  • By Nick Taylor

133
Common Features
  • Unstable Structure

134
Common Features
  • Multi-Story

135
Common Features
  • Heavy Equipment

136
Fatalities
  • 122 Fatalities Total
  • 73 Crushed
  • 28 Falling
  • 21 Others
  • (Electrocution, Equipment Failure, Confined
    Spaces, etc.)

137
Typical Example
  • On April 6, 2002 at 1000 A.M., two employees
    were engaged in the demolition of a masonry wall
    on a remodeling project. At the time of the
    accident, the free standing masonry wall had been
    removed block by block up to a remaining left
    side column of thirteen 8 inch masonry blocks and
    the remaining bonded header, and the right side
    masonry exterior wall. The victim was using a
    short hand held 2-pound sledgehammer and employee
    1 was using a long handle 10- pound
    sledgehammer. Employee 1 was on the ground
    working to the left of the free standing wall
    breaking loose the hollow masonry blocks with the
    sledgehammer. The victim had placed a 24
    aluminum extension ladder up against the bonded
    header and was using the 2-pound sledge hammer to
    break loose the concrete masonry blocks. The
    victim had removed the top coarse of blocks when
    the bonded header broke loose and collapsed the
    right side hollow masonry blocks of the exterior
    wall that was serving as the header support. The
    victim was knocked off the ladder and fell
    approximately 8 to the ground onto his back

138
The End
  • Simultaneously, the bonded header broke loose
    from the left side of hollow masonry blocks. The
    right side pivoted on its end and the bonded
    header fell across the body and face of the
    victim. The bonded header of concrete filled
    masonry block with rebar was estimated to weight
    over 1,100 pounds.

139
Avoiding Fatalities
  • Carefully inspect for hazards and make a plan of
    action prior to beginning work.
  • Coordinate efforts when multiple workers/crews
    are involved
  • Insure that workers have the most appropriate
    personal protective equipment for the job.
  • Use machinery instead of labor when possible

140
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141
Skylight Fatalities
  • Lucas West

142
Common Activities
  • Work at various heights
  • Cut holes in the roof to accommodate skylights
  • Walk with different size and shaped materials on
    rooftops
  • Remodels
  • Demo

143
Fatalities
  • 165 total cases involving death by falls
    involving skylights
  • Majority involved roofers walking right into an
    unobstructed hole during installation of skylight
    or remodeling of the roof
  • About 1/3 of the cases involved workers resting
    on existing skylights and falling

144
Typical Example
  • An employee and a coworker were installing a
    rolls of insulation, which were then going to be
    covered with metal roofing panels. A 3 wide by
    10 long hole for a skylight had been covered
    with insulation then a temporary roof panel was
    placed over the insulation for safety. As work
    progressed, the workers needed that metal for
    another area of the roof. The workers removed the
    metal sheet and left a 30 sf insulation covered
    hole in the roof. As they were unrolling more
    insulation near that site, one employee stepped
    backward through the opening and fell 31 ½ to
    his death.

145
Avoiding Fatalities
  • The majority of these fatalities could be avoided
    by using common sense
  • Have a fall protection plan
  • Dont rest on existing skylights
  • Drug test

146
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