Title: Ceilingrelated Fatalities
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2Ceiling-related Fatalities
St. Patricks Cathedral in Manhattan
3Common Activities
- Ceiling tasks vary based on the type of ceiling
being installed, but most work is done overhead
and the worker is usually above ground level. -
- A standard drywall ceiling installation involves
attaching furring strips, applying adhesive to
ceiling joists, setting the drywall in position,
and then securing it with screws or nails to the
ceiling joists. - Openings are then cut in the drywall for vents or
light fixtures with either a rotary drill or
keyhole saw. - Joint compound and tape is applied along the
seams to keep them from being noticeable.
4Fatalities
- Most of the fatalities that occur when working on
or near the ceiling of a building are from
electrocution during lighting fixture or other
wiring work. - The other common cause of fatalities is from
falling either off a ladder/lift or from the
ceiling members the worker is supported on.
5Typical Accident
- An employee, a drywall finisher, was sanding the
ceiling in a second floor hallway. He was
standing on an open-sided floor above the
concrete first floor when he slipped off the edge
and fell 10 feet to the first floor, sustaining
fatal injuries. Guardrails had been in place
previously but had been removed to move supplies
such as doors, drywall, and windows to the second
floor. At the time the employee fell, those
guardrails had not been replaced.
6Avoiding Fatalities
- Electrocutions would be greatly reduced if all
OSHA lockout/tagout protocols were followed on
the jobsite. Electricians should also check for
accidental live wires before they begin working. - Deaths from falling are tougher to avoid, but
requiring employees to use fall protection
whenever they are near an unprotected edge or
working over the ceiling would help.
7Other Comments
- As long as the OSHA regulations are followed and
the contractor keeps an eye on the workers to
avoid dangerous situations, ceiling work is
relatively safe.
8- Sealant Application
- By Brent Thurn
- Sealant Application
- RELATED FATALITIES
- Over the fourteen year span between 1991-2004,
there have been nine related fatalities with the
profession - 3 have been due to fires
- 4 have been due to falls
- 2 have been due to traffic incidents
- Fire Related Deaths
- Workers working in unventilated areas would allow
the sealant vapor to build in the room that would
ignite and cause flash fires - Fire Related Deaths (cont)
- Workers need to help aid the increasing of
ventilation in confined areas - Where there is a confined area in question
workers should be equipped with fire protective
equipment as a precaution. - This could include chemical-type splash goggles
or full face shield, or impermeable apron and
gloves constructed of nitrile rubber, neoprene
rubber or polyvinyl alcohol - Fall Related Deaths
- There have been four separate fall related deaths
due to workers that were applying sealants over
the fourteen year span - Fall Deaths- Skylights
- Two of these deaths occurred when workers were
applying onto the roof of a building, would
accidentally stepped through sky lights. They
would fall around 19 feet and sustain heavy
cranial trauma.
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10Hypoxic Asphyxiation Dangers in Construction
11Common Activities
- Confined spaces
- Sewers
- Swimming pools
- Houses
- Pipelines
- Tanks
- Manholes
- Trenches
- Elevator shafts
- Meter Vaults
- Any space without adequate Air Movement and
Replenishment.
12Fatalities
- 21 Fatalities found in this study.
- Most Asphyxiation accidents are more correctly
described as Mechanical Asphyxiation via Cave-In
or Caught-in-Between - Hypoxic Asphyxiation is caused simply by
breathing the atmosphere in a space.
13Typical Examples
- Welder was Tungsten Inert Gas Welding in a
confined space at a refinery and suffered Argon
asphyxiation. - employee 1 started a propane-powered 25 kv
generator, fumes filled the area. Employee 1 was
wearing an air line pressure demand respirator.
which was operating inside the building. Air
intake compressor was picking up the exhaust from
the generator and supplying it directly to
employee 1.
14Typical Examples
- employee 1 connected a supplied air breathing
hood line to a plant nitrogen line and then
donned the hood to start sandblasting. - Operational sewer lines. 2 fell into the manhole
as he opened it-1 and 3 attempted to rescue
him. All died of asphyxia. Testing equipment was
present, but unused. No forced ventilation, no
rescue equipment, no air supply, and no competent
person on site.
15Avoiding Fatalities
- Confined-Space rules must be set and followed
to-the-T every time. - Any supplied gas must be checked.
- TEST!
- Testing equipment is inexpensive and almost
instantaneous. - If a space has walls of any sort or height,
caution is advised.
16Other Comments
- There are regulations on the gas take-off ports,
but some connectors are interchangeable-This
needs remedy. - If someone has collapsed in an enclosed space, it
is for a reason. Test then rescue.
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18Driving VehiclesTo the worksite and within
19Common Activities
- The moving, transporting, or lifting of materials
and/or employees to and from a jobsite and within
the jobsite.
20Fatalities
- Struck (Run-Over) 35
- 8 by Mechanical Failure
- 9 by Employee Error
- Electrocution 6
- Crushed (Roll-over) 50
- 7 by Mechanical Failure
- 15 by Employee Error
- Pinned 26
- 1 by Mechanical Failure
- 8 by Employee Error
- Crashed 14
- 1 by Mechanical Failure
- 6 by Employee Error
- Misc 29
- 2 by Mechanical Error
- 15 by Employee Error
21Typical Example
- Employee was placing traffic warning signs on a
road. - Employee parked the backhoe in the middle turn
lane of a 3-lane road and dismounted his backhoe
leaving the engine running - Employee proceeded to move to the rear of the
backhoe and place himself in between the swing
arm and raised outrigger on the left side of the
backhoe relative to driving position of the
backhoe. - Employee apparently attempted to remove traffic
warning sign(s) and associated flagging material
from the floorboard on the left side of the
backhoe relative to the drivers seat in the
driving position. - It appears that as Employee pulled the sign(s)
and associated flagging material from the rear of
the backhoe he depressed the pedal that moves the
backhoe's swing arm right. - The swing arm moved to the right and pinned
Employee between the arm and raised right
outrigger. - Employee sustained internal injuries, never
regain consciousness, and died. - The amount of weight from placing the flagging on
the operating petal of the boom was found to be
enough force to activate the right swing boom of
the backhoe - Factors involved in the accident included the
following - 1. Employee leaving engine on when leaving the
backhoe - 2. Employee placing material on the floor board
of the backhoe - 3. No guard covering foot petal to prevent
accidental activation.
22Typical Example
- Employee, on his second day on the job, was sent
to direct trucks and take tickets from truck
drivers who had delivered their loads. - The early part of June had had an unusual amount
of rain and the roads were very damp and muddy. - Several trucks had gotten stuck that day and
limerock had been laid down to help stabilize the
road. - Employee was standing on a 12 to 24 inch pile of
lime rock that had not been crushed into the road
when it apparently gave way as one of the hauling
trucks made a wide turn. - Employee slipped and fell under the rear tandem
wheels, which crushed him to death. - Because of soft spots in the road, truck drivers
would have to accelerate a few miles per hour
more than would be expected under normal driving
conditions. - Employee was not wearing any colored garments and
had not received any training addressing unsafe
or hazardous conditions.
23Avoiding Fatalities
- Improving working areas by
- signage
- lighting
- road surfaces
- staff training
- traffic management
- vehicle maintenance
- installation of safety apparatus
24Avoiding Fatalities
- Example of a safety checklist for workplace
transportation
25Avoiding Fatalities
26Other Comments
- The most common vehicle accidents at work are
caused by - people being hit by vehicles
- people falling from vehicles
- objects falling from vehicles on to people
- vehicles toppling over
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28 CONFINED SPACES
29 Causes of Deaths in
Confined Spaces
-
- CAUSE No. of Deaths
- Asphyxiation 13
- Drowning 8
- Falling 3
- Heart Attack 2
- Electrocution 1
- Burns 1
- Head Trauma 1
- Suffocation 1
- Natural Causes 1
30Leading Causes of Death in Confined Spaces
31Asphyxiationto cause to die or lose
consciousness by impairing normal breathing, as
by gas or other noxious agents choke suffocate
smother.
Leading Cause of Deaths
322nd Leading Cause of Deaths
- Drowning Becoming momentarily unconscious from
asphyxia then collapsing and drowning, in usually
small amounts of water at bottom of space.
333rd Leading Cause of Deaths
- Falling
- Becoming momentarily unconscious from asphyxia
then loosing balance and falling, resulting in
critical bodily injury.
34Prevention of Confined Space Deaths
- Majority of deaths caused from not taking
precautionary methods. - Improper Ventilation in Spaces
- No Testing of Oxygen Levels or other Atmospheric
Gases present.
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37Work Task or Trade Fatalities
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39Common Activities
- Scaffolding utilized to accomplished work
performed above the ground. Usually accessed by
ladders.
40Fatalities
- 1 of fatalities related to scaffolding,
approximately 80 of such injuries were fall
related
41Case 1
- An employee was working from a single plank
approximately 13 feet above the ground receiving
planks and frame from another employee at the
ground to set up the scaffolding. The victim
tried to position himself and stepped on the
installed middle frame of the scaffolding with
his left foot but missed it and subseqeuntly fell
to the ground head first. The victim died on the
way to the hospital.
42Case 2
- An employee was working on a scaffolding. The
employee was working at a level of approximately
42 feet. The employee was kneeled down working
from the work platform. The employee attempted to
raise from the kneeled position. The employee
used the guardrail to assist him in rising from
the kneeled position and the guardrail gave way,
leading to the fall.
43Avoiding Fatalities
- Make provisions for mandatory tie-off and
guardrail protection
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45Work Task FatalitiesCaulking
46Common Activities
- How the work is commonly done
- Heights
- Dangerous Environments
Whenever possible, pushdon't pullthe caulking
gun to drive caulk into the joint. Then tool the
bead smooth
Loading a tube of caulking into a caulking gun
47Fatalities
- 20 Fatalities
- 1 Struck by a Vehicle
- 1 Electrocution
- 1 Falling Gable Crushed Worker
- 17 Falls
- 2 through skylights
- 14 fell due to inadequate safety equipment
- 1 accidentally walked off the edge of a roof
48Typical Example
- At or about 1100 a.m. on April 26, 1995,
employee 1, a masonry/general contractor, went
to the chestnut hill township recycling plant
located outside of Effort, PA. The steel building
is 110 ft long by 50 ft wide, with a roof pitch
of 412 and an eave height of 17 ft above the
ground. Employee 1 told the manager at the
recycling center that he was going to caulk holes
in the roof. He put a ladder up against the right
side of the building and climbed the ladder onto
the metal roof.
49Typical Example
- Approximately 5 to 15 minutes later, a resident,
who was driving onto the property, saw a man
lying on the ground. He immediately informed the
manager and she proceeded to the area. Employee
1 was found lying face down with a pocket knife
and caulking gun lying beside him. The knife had
caulking and dirt stuck to the blade. She assumed
he fell from the roof and immediately called 911.
Employee 1 was never revived on site and was
pronounced dead at the scene at 1236 p.m. by the
Monroe county deputy coroner.
50Typical Example
- The investigation revealed that the employee was
not using any fall protection while on the roof
and he was wearing sneakers with smoothly worn
soles. There were no witnesses to the accident.
There were no marks visible to indicate that
employee 1 may have slid for a distance before
leaving the roof, nor is there any evidence of
any structural failure. In reconstructing the
accident CSI (csho) believes that the employee
was walking across the roof near the eaves while
cutting the end off a tube of caulking with a
pocket knife. He apparently misjudged his
distance and walked off the edge. The condition
of his sneakers may have contributed to the fall.
51Avoiding Fatalities
- Fatality Awareness for Caulking
- Situational awareness
- Warning Labels on Caulking Tubes
- Fall Protection
- Nonconductive Ladders
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53Skid Loader Fatalities
- Presented by Amanda Manthorne
54Common Activities
- A skid loader can sometimes be used in place of a
large excavator (digging a hole while inside the
hole) - Used for digging under a structure where overhead
clearance does not allow for the boom of a large
excavator - The conventional bucket can be replaced with a
variety of specialized buckets (backhoe, pallet
forks, angle broom, snow blower, trencher,
auger)
55Fatalities
- 20 cases noted
- Most common (12 cases) involve operators head
being crushed by arms of machine - 2 cases- worker struck by bucket
- 2 cases- worker pinned under machine
- 4 cases- other, ex. improper use, objects falling
out of bucket, thrown from machine, etc.
56 Typical Example
- the employee was operating a john deere
skid-steer loader with the guard missing on the
right side of the operator position. A seat belt
was installed but was not in use. The operator
picked up a large load of snow in the bucket and
was moving the machine to the dumping area with
the bucket in the up position. As the machine
passed diagonally over a bump the operator was
thrown against the right side of the cab where
the guard was missing. His head was between the
pinch points of the loader arms when the foot
control was depressed, causing the bucket to
rapidly fall, crushing the employees skull
between the loader arms
57Avoiding Fatalities
- Operate machine on near level ground
- Do not exit machine while it is running
- Wear seatbelt
- Be sure that machine has working guard, complete
cage, and rollover protective cab structure
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59Work Task or Trade Fatalities while Paving
Construction
60Work Task or Trade Fatalities while Paving
Construction
61Common Activities
- Generally Paving work is done with several safety
considerations but sometime few things are
skipped that can be very dangerous to employees. - Sometime toolbox meetings or and training
sessions are skipped.
62Common Activities
- Few employees are unaware of the danger.
63Common Activities
- Safety/protective devices are sometimes ignored
by the employees.
64Common Activities
- Not all safety signs are taken care of.
- Employees do not talk to the supervisor if some
incident happens.
65Fatalities
- There are more than 1 fatalities related to
paving construction. (As from the data given in
the excel sheet) - Examples of fatalities
- Most of them fell from roof or other high surface
on to the paving and died. - There are some fatalities where the employee
strikes against the equipment or the vehicle hits
and crushes him to death.
66Fatalities
- Examples of fatalities
- Fatalities also resulted due to non behavior of
traffic rules and vehicle collide with the
employee leading to death.
67Fatalities
- Examples of fatalities
- There are also cases where fatalities have
recorded due to improper or damaged equipment. - Fatality also recorded when the incoming vehicle
could not slow at the construction site and hit
the employee. - An employee without proper safety training was
also a victim of paving construction.
68Typical Example
- An employee was cutting asphalt pavement with an
air supplied jack hammer on a road under
construction. An employee (truck driver) parked a
22 wheel tractor trailer (low boy) approximately
25 yards in front of the employee who was cutting
the pavement. The truck was parked on a 3.5grade
and the engine was not running. The driver had
left the vehicle and it remained parked for one
and one half hours. The truck then rolled down
the road and struck the employee who was cutting
pavement. The truck continued down the grade
traveling approximately 200 yards where it struck
a soft dirt mound. The employee was killed
instantly.
69Typical Example
- This accident might have occurred due to the
vibrations caused by the paving being cut with
the help of jack hammer. - This fatality could have been avoided if some
curb some stone or concrete blocks were placed
at the end of the wheels.
Stone or Concrete Block
70Avoiding Fatalities
- While paving is to be done there are certain
things to be kept in mind before starting the
work. - All workers are given training to work in proper
manner and follow the right procedures for a
particular work. - Employees must be aware of any danger.
- Employees must put on their protective devices
before starting the work. - If work is done near a heavy traffic location,
then the traffic needs to be routed to a
different route. - Prior to start, make sure that all safety signs
are properly up and readable. Also reflective,
fluorescent cones should be placed at an
appropriate distance from construction site, that
incoming traffic have time to slow. - While using the equipment or machinery, check if
there are any problems with it. It must be
equipped with the backup alarm and flash lights. - Inform the employer of any health and safety
concerns.
71Other Comments
- Paving Construction Driving Safety.
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73Lowboy
74Lowboy Usage
- Transportation of extremely large equipment
- Dozer
- Backhoes
- Cranes
- Compactors
- Transportation of materials
- Logs
- Steel pipe
- Precast concrete
75Fatalities
- 34 cases were reviewed
- 29 people were killed during incident
- 45 unloading/loading
- 14 backed over or ran over
- 10 struck by ramp
- 14 repositioning equipment
- 7 improper loading of material
- 10 faulty equip., park on highway, exposed
tires - 3 electrocutions
- 1 head and neck trauma
- 1 Just a good crushing
76Typical Example
- employee 1 was unloading an earthmoving dozer
from a lowboy trailer. He backed the dozer
partially off the lowboy's rear ramps, causing
the dozer to slide and overturn onto its left
side. Employee 1 was pinned between the rops and
the ground. He died from chest injuries.
77Typical Example
- Forman was assisting a driver in the unloading of
heavy equipment from a lowboy. The driver
released the safety bar holding the ramp and the
ramp fell striking the foreman in the head. The
foreman was standing approximately three (3) feet
from the end of the transport trailer. The ramp
weighed approximately one and one-half tons.
78Avoiding Fatalities
- Loading and Unloading
- Be sure lowboy is on a level surface
- If coming in on a angle, back up and try again
- Wear a safety belt
- Dont try to jump off equipment if its falling
- Repositioning Equipment
- Unload equipment, dont try to reposition
- Wear safety belt
79Avoiding Fatalities
- Back over / run over / Ramp
- Be aware of your surroundings
- Dont rely on someone else
- Be aware of what others are doing around you
- Dont take unnecessary risk
- Electrocution
- Take note of power lines
- Dont take risk, move away from Power lines if to
close
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81STEPP LADDER FATALITIES
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84Common Activities
- The fatalities involved the use of step ladders
in the following ways - Installing electrical fittings above ground.
- Working on roofs .
- Demolishing works.
- Working on HVAC equipment.
85Common Activities (CONTD)
86Fatalities
- There were a total of 55 fatalities associated
with step ladders in the data provided. - Most of the fatalities were a result of head
injuries sustained after falling off step
ladders. - Some of the fatalities were as a result of
electric shocks that lead to workers falling off
ladders. - There were about three instances in which workers
actually died from electrocution after making
contact with power lines whiles on step ladders.
87Fatalities (CONTD)
- The actual causes of death were head injuries,
neck injuries, chest injuries and electrocutions.
88Typical Example
- The victim was straddling the top of an
eight-foot step ladder when the step ladder
became unstable and tipped. The victim fell
backwards off the step ladder and struck the back
of his head on a rock slab. The victim suffered a
closed head injury which resulted in his death.
89Avoiding Fatalities
- Workers should be properly trained in the use of
step ladders. - Workers should never over reach from a ladder.
- Fall protection should be provided when working
on ladders . - Workers should always stay as low on the ladder
as practical. Never climb beyond where you have a
good handhold.
90Avoiding Fatalities (CONTD)
- Workers working on step ladders should wear
protective equipment against electrical shocks. - Head protection should be provided for workers on
step ladders since most fatalities are head
injury related.
91Avoiding Fatalities (CONTD)
- Open the ladders as far as it will go and make
sure the spreader arms are locked in place.
92Other Comments
- In all the cases that I closely looked at, the
OSHA inspectors did not relate the fatalities to
defective step ladders. There was however a case
in which a step ladder was reported as having a
bent step and a skid pad missing from one leg but
this was not cited as the cause of the accident. - In a number of the cases, the cause of death was
not know because workers were on step ladders
with no one around. It would therefore be helpful
to always have another worker on the ground when
there is a worker on a step ladder.
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94Tilt-up Walls
95CONCRETE FORMING
PROCEDURES
96PLACING SUPPORT RODSAND BRACKETS
97TILT-UP
98PUT INPLACE
99BRACEWALLS
100Typical Example
- On August 5, 2002 three workers were killed and
two others slightly injured when a 20' wide x 23'
high 40,000 lb. reinforced concrete tilt-up wall
panel fell over on top of them while they were
eating their lunch. - The wall panel fell approximately 2 hours after
the temporary braces were removed from the wall
panel by the tilt-up wall contractors. The
braces were removed before permanent connections
at the roof and base were made. - None of these connections were made.
101- As a result, the wall panel was free standing on
a set of shims after the braces were removed
until it fell on top of the victims. -
- Additionally, an independent testing company was
supposed to inspect all welds and issue a report.
The report was incorrect in that it had indicated
that all the welds were complete, when in fact,
two wall panels were not welded at all, one of
which fell.
102Avoiding Fatalities
- ALL PERMANENT CONNECTIONS CHECKED BEFORE REMOVAL
OF BRACING. - TIE-OFF WHEN WORKING AT HIGH ELEVATIONS.
- DONT EAT LUNCH WITHIN 40 OF TILT-UP WALLS.
103Other Comments
- FOLLOW PROCEDURES FOR TILT-UP WALLS.
- THE TILT-UP PANELS CAN BE 40,000 LBS.
- AND HAVE GREAT LEVERAGE.
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105Extension Ladders
Supriya Ghule Spring 2007
106Introduction
- These are just a few of the Federal regulations
on ladders - 1910.1053 Ladders
- 1910.27 Fixed ladders (Walking Surfaces)
- 1910.25 Portable wood ladders
- 1910.26 Portable metal ladders
- A ladder is one of the simplest most easy-to-use
tools in the construction industry. - Most common types of accidents are
- Electrocution due to overhead power-lines
- Tipping off or slipping off the ladder while
climbing up or down. - Attempting to move the ladder while standing on
it or trying to reach away from the ladders.
107Causes of Accidents
- Lack of training before use and inspection before
use. - Lack of safety or tool-box meetings.
- Carrying tools or materials while going up or
down on the ladder. - Negligence and complacency about use by the
workers.
108Fatalities
- During the years 1980 through 1985, the contact
of metal ladders with overhead power lines
accounted for approximately 4 of all
work-related electrocutions in the United States
(e.g., 17 out of 382 deaths for 1985) NIOSH - An analysis of Census of Fatal Occupational
Injuries data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics
for the years 1992-1999 showed that the major
causes of deaths from falls were falls from roofs
(33), ladders (14) - One finding was that at least 16 of what were
classified as falls were actually collapses or
tip-overs of the surfaces the workers were
standing on. - The average fatality rate as a result of falls
from working surfaces is 0.49 per 100000 workers.
(2000)
109Example 1
- Three employees were installing rain gutter on
the east side of a two-story farm house. The
eaves on the house were 18 feet above the ground.
After the employees returned from lunch, two of
them were putting tools into their van. They had
their backs to the house. The other employee was
carrying an extension ladder to the van without
first retracting it. The ladder contacted an
overhead power line that was 14 feet from the
east eaves and was 18 to 20 feet above the
ground. The employee was pronounced dead of
electrocution on arrival at a local hospital.
110Example 2
- An employee climbed a 32-foot wooden extension
ladder to cut down three conductors from a
utility pole. His employer told him that the
conductors were de-energized. Unfortunately, the
conductors were energized and, when the employee
cut into the first one with a pair of bolt
cutters, he was electrocuted.
111Example 3
- The victim was climbing down a 12' aluminum
extension ladder when the ladder slipped on the
concrete floor. This ladder did not have rubber
safety feet and was not tied in. The ladder was
leaning against a platform 9'5" above the floor,
and was located near the center of this 25' wide
platform inside a warehouse.
112Example 4
- On march 23, 1993, employees 1 and 2, of
Washing Unlimited, were cleaning the exterior of
a two story brick veneer single family residence
using manual tools and a power washer. The
employees were attempting to clean the chimney,
which was approximately 33 ft high on the north
side of the house. The employees were using two
vertical sections of mobile scaffolding that
allowed them to reach only a height of
approximately 16 ft. The employees placed a 32 ft
extension ladder on top of the scaffold to reach
the upper chimney. When one employee climbed the
ladder, the scaffold tipped over and both
employees fell to the ground. Employee 1 died
and employee 2 was hospitalized.
113Avoiding Fatalities
- Ladder Inspection
- Always check a ladder before using it. Inspect
wood ladders for cracks and splits in the wood.
Check all ladders to see that steps or rungs are
tight and secure. Be sure that all hardware and
fittings are properly and securely attached. Test
movable parts to see that they operate without
binding or without too much free play. Inspect
metal and fiberglass ladders for bends and
breaks. - Never use a damaged ladder. Tag it "Defective"
and report it to the boss so that it may be
removed from the job.
114Proper use and setup
- Keep the steps and rungs of ladders free of
grease, oil, wet paint, mud, snow, ice, paper and
other slippery materials. Also clean such debris
off your shoes before climbing a ladder. - Always face a ladder when climbing up or down.
Use both hands and maintain a secure grip on the
rails or rungs. - Never carry heavy or bulky loads up a ladder.
Climb up yourself first, and then pull up the
material with a rope. - Climb and stand on a ladder with your feet in the
center of the steps or rungs. - Do not overreach from a ladder, or lean too far
to one side. A good rule is to always keep your
belt buckle inside the rails of a ladder. - Never climb onto a ladder from the side, from
above the top or from one ladder to another. - Never slide down a ladder.
- Never set up or use a ladder in a high wind,
especially a lightweight metal or fiberglass
type.
115- Do not use a ladder that is damaged or one that
is not sturdy enough to withstand the load or
weight of the persons working on it.
- Do not try to make a ladder reach farther by
setting it on boxes, barrels, bricks, blocks or
other unstable bases.
116 Ladder Selection and Inspection
- Never splice or tie two short ladders together to
make a long section. - Top support for a ladder is as important as good
footing. The top should rest evenly against a
flat, firm surface. - When a ladder is used for access to an upper
landing surface, it must extend three rungs, or
at least three feet above the landing surface. - A ladder used for access to an upper landing
surface should be secured against sideways
movement at the top or held by another worker
whenever it is being used.
117Required Overlaps
118Proper angles for Use
- The technically proper angle for a
non-self-supporting ladder is about 75 degrees
above horizontal. - If ladders are set up at a steeper angle than 75
degrees above horizontal, they must be tied off
at the top to prevent this form happening. - The distance from the foot of a ladder to the
wall should never be more than one-half the
height to the support point, an angle of about 63
degrees above horizontal
119Extension Ladder Dos
- When using a ladder to climb onto a roof or
platform, extend the ladder at least 3 ft past
the edge it is resting against. - Set up the ladder at a safe angle. Put your toes
against the bottom of the rails and stretch your
arms out at shoulder height. You should be able
to grasp the rung with your hands (see front). - Use an extension ladder no longer than 44 ft.
- On two-section extension ladders, the sections
must overlap at least 3 ft. Overlap must be at
least 4 ft for ladders over 33 ft. - Locate or create a level and firm surface for the
base of the ladder. - Secure the top and, when feasible, the bottom of
the extension ladder. - wear a safety harness and tie off to a
well-anchored lifeline or other support (not to
the ladder) when working higher than 10 ft. - When climbing up or down, always face the
extension ladder and maintain three-point contact
with two hands and a foot or two feet and a hand.
120Extension Ladder Donts
- Do not move ladder by rocking, jogging or pushing
it away from a supporting wall. - Do not leave tools or materials on top of
ladders. - Never push or pull anything sideways while on a
ladder. - Allow only one person at a time on a ladder.
- Never use a ladder as a horizontal platform,
plank, scaffold or material hoist. - Never use a ladder on a scaffold platform.
121Continued
- Never use metal ladders around exposed electrical
wiring. Metal ladders should be marked with tags
or stickers reading "CAUTION-Do Not Use Around
Electrical Equipment" or similar wording. - RULE of THUMB If the overhead power line is 50
kV or less, then stay at least 10 feet away. For
everything else, keep at least 35 feet away.
122Conclusion
- The fact is, a ladder is one of the simplest most
easy-to-use tools in the construction industry. - But, statistics suggest that the working men and
women in America abuse and misuse ladders in the
workplace as a rule rather than an exception. - So, making a well-designed and well-taught ladder
safety program and routine inspections are well
worth the effort.
123References
- http//www.cdc.gov/elcosh/docs/d0100/d000170/d0001
70.html - http//www.dhs.ca.gov/ohb/BuildSafe/SafetyBreakEng
lish/11-Ladders,_extension.pdf
124(No Transcript)
125Shotcrete Deaths
- Shotcrete appears to be a fairly safe occupation
because of the lack of deaths - From 1991 to 2004 there have only been 4
fatalities
126Cases
- 'The site is the construction of 767 feet of
underground tunnel. When completed it will be a
passenger walk back tunnel. The tunnel is
approximately 40 feet wide and 16 feet high on
the first phase. The height of the tunnel when
the second phase is completed will be
approximately 26 feet high. The tunnel is
approximately 27 feet underground. The tunnel
runs from one terminal to the other terminal.
Approximately 700 feet of tunnel had been
excavated when the accident occurred at the face
where work was progressing. The victim was
working at the earthen face operating a shotcrete
hose spraying the sidewalls when the top and side
collapse. Three other employees were working in
the same location and were able to exit before
being trapped. Fire and rescue were called and
attempted to rescue the trapped employee. However
rescue attempts were ceased after 24 hours and a
retrieval operation was implemented. The victim
was located on 11/6/00.
127(No Transcript)
128Cases Contd
- on march 24, 1995, employee 1 and a coworker,
both of batterton waterproofing inc., were
working on the interior of a multi-bin concrete
grain silo at gowrie, ia. The bin was triangular,
measuring 11 ft by 11 ft by 14 ft, with an
effective depth of 126.3 ft. The employees were
driving steel pins with a powder actuated driver
and drilling 3/4 in. diameter holes with an
electric hammer drill into the concrete sidewalls
in preparation for gunite application. The
employees entered the bin at approximately 730
a.m. and rode the powered scaffold close to the
top of the bin. The scaffold was supported by
three 5/16 in. wire ropes and consisted of three
hilo d-800 units with a triangular platform
constructed from six 2 in. by 12 in. by 8 ft
planks and 1/2 in. plywood, without a guardrail
on the side where work was performed. They
performed the drilling and driving operations. At
approximately 800 a.m. they were ready to
descend to the next work level. While descending,
a wire cable came out of a pulley, causing one
corner of the platform to drop about 3 ft.
Employee 1 was operating one power unit from
outside the perimeter of the guardrail. The
coworker was operating two of the power units
with his back toward employee 1. Neither
employee was wearing fall protection. The
coworker grabbed onto the hilo scaffold unit to
his right to prevent his falling. Employee 1
fell approximately 100 ft to the sloping concrete
bin floor and then another 10 feet through the
access hole. He died.
129(No Transcript)
130RECAP
- For over 13 yrs data has been collected and there
have only been 5 deaths that shotcrete and gunite
have been involved in, however, there are only 2
deaths that can be directly linked to these
materials.
131(No Transcript)
132Demolition Fatalities
133Common Features
134Common Features
135Common Features
136Fatalities
- 122 Fatalities Total
- 73 Crushed
- 28 Falling
- 21 Others
- (Electrocution, Equipment Failure, Confined
Spaces, etc.)
137Typical Example
- On April 6, 2002 at 1000 A.M., two employees
were engaged in the demolition of a masonry wall
on a remodeling project. At the time of the
accident, the free standing masonry wall had been
removed block by block up to a remaining left
side column of thirteen 8 inch masonry blocks and
the remaining bonded header, and the right side
masonry exterior wall. The victim was using a
short hand held 2-pound sledgehammer and employee
1 was using a long handle 10- pound
sledgehammer. Employee 1 was on the ground
working to the left of the free standing wall
breaking loose the hollow masonry blocks with the
sledgehammer. The victim had placed a 24
aluminum extension ladder up against the bonded
header and was using the 2-pound sledge hammer to
break loose the concrete masonry blocks. The
victim had removed the top coarse of blocks when
the bonded header broke loose and collapsed the
right side hollow masonry blocks of the exterior
wall that was serving as the header support. The
victim was knocked off the ladder and fell
approximately 8 to the ground onto his back
138The End
- Simultaneously, the bonded header broke loose
from the left side of hollow masonry blocks. The
right side pivoted on its end and the bonded
header fell across the body and face of the
victim. The bonded header of concrete filled
masonry block with rebar was estimated to weight
over 1,100 pounds.
139Avoiding Fatalities
- Carefully inspect for hazards and make a plan of
action prior to beginning work. - Coordinate efforts when multiple workers/crews
are involved - Insure that workers have the most appropriate
personal protective equipment for the job. - Use machinery instead of labor when possible
140(No Transcript)
141Skylight Fatalities
142Common Activities
- Work at various heights
- Cut holes in the roof to accommodate skylights
- Walk with different size and shaped materials on
rooftops - Remodels
- Demo
143Fatalities
- 165 total cases involving death by falls
involving skylights - Majority involved roofers walking right into an
unobstructed hole during installation of skylight
or remodeling of the roof - About 1/3 of the cases involved workers resting
on existing skylights and falling
144Typical Example
- An employee and a coworker were installing a
rolls of insulation, which were then going to be
covered with metal roofing panels. A 3 wide by
10 long hole for a skylight had been covered
with insulation then a temporary roof panel was
placed over the insulation for safety. As work
progressed, the workers needed that metal for
another area of the roof. The workers removed the
metal sheet and left a 30 sf insulation covered
hole in the roof. As they were unrolling more
insulation near that site, one employee stepped
backward through the opening and fell 31 ½ to
his death.
145Avoiding Fatalities
- The majority of these fatalities could be avoided
by using common sense - Have a fall protection plan
- Dont rest on existing skylights
- Drug test
146