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Title: Ancient Greek Philosophy Pre-Socratic Philosoph


1
Ancient Greek Philosophy
  • Pre-Socratic Philosophy

2
Pre-Philosophical ThoughtEpic Poetry
  • Homer (800-700 BCE)
  • Iliad, Odyssey
  • Hesiod
  • Works and Days, Theogany

3
Homer and Hesiod
  • Wrote epic poetry
  • Presented a large and complex mythological
    worldview
  • Explained origin of the world, the birth of Gods,
    the Kingship of Zeus, and the ways of people.

4
Homer and Hesiod
  • Followed an oral tradition that preserved and
    passed on significant cultural information
    through the technology (meter, rhyme, rhythm) of
    poetry
  • Created an encyclopedia of information
  • Became the educators

5
Homers Worldview
  • No conception of nature as a system of regularly
    recurring sequences of events.
  • Gods were responsible for the natural order of
    events.
  • The customs that people follow were handed down
    from the gods.

6
Homers Worldview
  • Divine action is not moral.
  • The gods interference in human affairs is not
    based on the common good for people.
  • Gods punished people for things like
    insubordination or insulting behavior, not for
    being unjust or immoral.
  • The gods do not represent moral ideals for all to
    emulate the gods are impetuous, childishly
    egotistical, lustful, selfish, vain,
    unscrupulous, and dishonest.
  • People worship gods not because they are good.

7
Hesiods Worldview
  • Zeus was the creator and enforcer of a rule of
    justice that would right wrongs, correct abuses,
    lift up the downtrodden, and punish the wicked
    and unjust.
  • Zeus had moral integrity, and his actions were
    more for the good of people.
  • There is a pervasive moral law that covers all
    people.
  • Zeus begins to act uniformly, regularly, and
    pervasively throughout nature.

8
Hesiods Worldview
  • Theogony
  • Genealogy (an account of the birth of the gods)
  • Cosmogony (an account of the process by which the
    world came into existence)
  • Hesiods cosmogony is anthropomorphic it follows
    the genealogy of the gods.
  • See chart http//web.clas.ufl.edu/users/marksj/he
    siod/hesiod.html

9
Hesiods World
10
Main Pre-Socratic Philosophers
  • Thales
  • Anaximander
  • Anaximenes
  • Heraclitus
  • Xenophanes
  • Parmenides
  • Zeno
  • Empedocles
  • Anaxagoras
  • Pythagoras
  • Atomisrts Democritus, Leucippus, Lucretius

11
Pre-Socratic PhilosophersCentral Concerns
  • What is the nature of ultimate reality, or the
    world?
  • What is the relationship between the one and the
    many?
  • What is the nature of change?
  • How did the universe begin?

12
The First Philosophers
  • Reject mythology and poetry of Homer and Hesiod
    new way of talking and thus thinking about things
  • Not an absolutely sharp break
  • Reject the pseudo-science of divination, where
    one tries to know the minds of the gods.
  • Use reason, logic, evidence, argument, and
    rational criticism (tests)

13
The First Philosophers
  • Explain things in terms of impersonal natural
    things that move themselves
  • Ask What and How, not Who (Zeus) and Why
    (angry)
  • Criticize views using logic, reason, and sense
    experience

14
The Elements and the Opposites
  • Traditionally, there are four elements Earth,
    Air, Fire, and Water
  • There are the opposites the hot, the cold, the
    wet, the dry, the sweet, the bitter, and so on.

15
Materialism and Non-Materialism
  • Take note of whether a philosopher is a
    materialist or not.

16
Thales (620-546 BCE)
  • Not much is known about Thales predicted a
    solar eclipse (585 BCE)
  • The ultimate cause, principle, or stuff, of the
    universe is water.
  • Water moves itself and changes into other things.
  • The earth floats on water
  • No explanation of the relationship between water
    (the one) and other things (the many)

17
Anaximander (612-546 BCE)
  • The ultimate source and stuff of all things
    cannot be some definite element or thing (like
    water). Why not?

18
Anaximander
  • Characteristics of the source and element of all
    things
  • Indefinite (not some definite element that can be
    identified with some set of characteristics)
  • Infinite (without bounds and unlimited, and
    perhaps having all characteristics)
  • Eternal (uncreated and imperishable)
  • Moving (vortex motion)

19
Vortex Motion A purely mechanical explanation of
the creation of the world
20
AnaximanderMathematical Structure
  • The ring of the sun is 27 times the size of the
    earth.
  • The ring of the moon is 18 times the size of the
    earth.
  • The ring of stars is 9 times the size of the
    earth.

21
Anaximanders Map of World
22
Anaximander Origin of Life
  • Life had its origin in the sea.
  • The first animals were fish or fish-like.
  • The very first humans emerged from fish -- they
    grew inside of fish, and emerged from them after
    maturing.

23
Anaximander FragmentThe Law of Compensation
  • Into those things from which existing things
    have their coming into being, their passing away,
    too, takes place, according to what must be. For
    they make reparation to one another for their
    injustice according to the ordinance of time.
  • Anaximander refers to the opposites. All change
    requires the wronging of one opposite by another.
    One opposite drives the other out. Compensation
    must be rendered and the balance restored.

24
Anaximenes (585-525 BCE)
  • The infinite stuff of Anaximander is Air, not
    some indefinite stuff

25
Anaximenes
  • Compression and Dilation explains how air creates
    other things
  • Rock --- High compression
  • Earth
  • Water
  • Clouds
  • Winds
  • Fire --- High dilatation
  • Changes in quantity can bring about qualitative
    changes.

26
Anaximenes
  • But can compression and dilation adequately
    explain how air creates a different element like
    water or fire, or earth?

27
Anaximenes
  • Air is divine and intelligent
  • Guides the world order
  • Guides humans (Air is the principle of life and
    soul)

28
Heraclitus (535-475 BCE)
  • Reality is constant change like fire all
    things are in flux
  • You cannot step into the same river twice
  • Fire is uncreated and eternal

29
Heraclitus
  • All change moves in a cycle (stone, earth, water,
    clouds, air, and back)
  • The way up and the way down are the same.
  • Opposites are really identical all is one

30
Heraclitus
  • Logos (Fire, God, Divine Reason) goes through all
    things and orders all change
  • Beginnings of natural law theory
  • All things happen by necessity, according to
    divine reason.
  • All things that happen are good and just.
  • War is necessary, good, and just (War is the
    father and king of all.)

31
Heraclitus
  • Only the best people see the Logos behind
    appearances
  • The herd miss the Logos
  • One good man is better than thousands of lesser
    men.
  • Those who see the Logos can follow it.
  • The best people should rule. He rejects
    democracy, or rule by the many.

32
Xenophanes
  • Attacked the old theology Homer and Hesiod. The
    old mythology was immoral and untrue. They gave
    disgraceful views of the gods.
  • Found a better religion. There is one god, who is
    all seeing, all hearing, all knowing
  • God sways all things by the thought of his mind.
  • Probably a pantheist like Heraclitus. They
    worshipped a world process, or a material one,
    not an anthropomorphized being.

33
Pythagoras (582-406 BCE)
  • Numbers are the ultimate reality they give form
    to all things
  • The original fiery one sets the cold air in
    motion and limits it producing number. From
    number arises points, from points lines, from
    lines plane figures, from plane figures solid
    figures, and from these sensible bodies and the
    elements.

34
Pythagoras
  • All things contain ratios of numbers
  • Harmony balance of opposites according to a
    ratio of numbers
  • Musical harmony
  • Health proper ratio of elements in body
  • Justice punishments and rewards must fit what
    is deserved.

35
Pythagoras
  • Pythagoreanism was also a religious view. It
    provided a way to achieve immortality.
  • Immortality air is divine and immortal the
    soul is impure (compressed) air that can return
    to divine air after death if purified.
  • Escape reincarnation by purifying ones soul.
    Turn your soul towards non-practical matters,
    away from the world. Study mathematics, for
    instance.

36
Pythagoras
  • Problem square root of 2 is irrational. Not a
    ratio of two numbers. The harmonious world order
    of the Pythagoreans is impossible.

37
Euclid and Development of Axiomatic Geometry
  • A method was worked out to prove a large set of
    conclusions from a single small set of axioms.
  • Euclids Elements
  • Paradigm of human reason (over sense experience).

38
Parmenides (510-440 BCE)
  • Change is not real change requires being and
    not-being, but not-being is nothing and not real,
    so change and motion are impossible

39
Parmenides
  • Reality is being what must be the
    characteristics of this reality?

40
The Parmenidean One
  • No parts
  • Spherical in shape
  • Eternal
  • Indestructible
  • Motionless
  • Limited (because it is complete)
  • No holes
  • Completely full of being

41
Parmenides
  • Reality is known through reason not the senses
    early idea of rationalism
  • The empirical investigation of nature now makes
    no sense

42
Zeno (490-430 BCE)
  • Argued that Parmenides is correct
  • Paradoxes show us that motion is really
    impossible
  • Achilles race paradox
  • Achilles and the Tortoise paradox
  • Arrow paradox

43
Empedocles (490-340 BCE)
  • Ultimate reality is made of 4 elements Earth,
    Air, Fire, and Water
  • Each is a fundamental irreducible element
  • All things are made of some combination of these
    elements

44
Empedocles
  • Love and hate (strife) are the ordering forces in
    the universe (each takes turns controlling the
    universe)
  • In the age of love, the elements are brought
    together into a unity.
  • In the age of hate, the elements are separated
    out from each other.

45
Empedocles
  • Doesnt answer Parmenides
  • The other material things that we see dont seem
    to be real the tree is not real because only
    the earth, air, fire, and water that make it up
    are real.
  • Theres no explanation for motion

46
Anaxagoras (500-428 BCE)
  • Reality consists of an indefinite number of
    definite elements, not just 4 elements
  • Everything has a little bit of everything else in
    it wood has a little bit of every other element
    in it
  • So all of the materials that we see are real, but
    he still doesnt answer Parmenides problem of
    motion how can there be change?
  • Mind controls and dominates all things

47
AtomismDemocritus (460-370 BCE)
  • Answers Parmenides The void has reality (being)
  • Reality consists of only Atoms and the Void
  • Atoms are like tiny Parmenidean ones, so what are
    their characteristics?

48
Democritus
  • Characteristics of atoms (given by reason)
  • Motionless (internally)
  • Full with no holes
  • Cannot be divided
  • Eternal
  • Indestructible
  • Limited
  • Shapes vary

49
Democritus
  • Shape and combination of atoms determines the
    qualities of things
  • Round atoms taste sweet
  • Atoms with points taste bitter
  • Atoms that fit together closely make dense, heavy
    objects

50
Democritus
  • Early expression for later distinction between
    primary and secondary qualities.
  • The qualities of the atoms themselves are what is
    ultimately real
  • The qualities that the atoms produce in us are
    appearances and not ultimately real.

51
Democritus
  • Vortex motion The universe has a vortex motion
    out of which all things arise by necessity.
  • Necessity means the resistance, motion, and
    impact of matter.
  • Vortex motion provides an impersonal law of
    order in the universe.
  • Nothing occurs at random, but there is no
    intelligence guiding things.

52
Democritus
  • Basis for objective moral theory Correct
    arrangement of atoms in our bodies brings
    happiness (in terms of pleasure)

53
Sophists
  • Turn away from metaphysics and investigations
    into nature
  • Taught the subjects necessary to be successful in
    a more democratic society rhetoric, law,
    politics, mathematics, music, poetry.

54
Sophists
  • Teachers
  • Multicultural
  • Relativism
  • Moral
  • Truth
  • Political
  • Skepticism
  • Egoism
  • Convention, not Nature
  • Pragmatism
  • Rhetoric
  • Might Makes Right
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