WATER PURIFICATION

1
WATER PURIFICATION
2
WATER PURIFICATION

• We all need clean water, water that is free of
  potentially dangerous contaminants.
• For our homes we need basic clean and sanitary
  water. Water that can be used for cooking,
  cleaning and bathing. Water that meets or
  exceeds the purity standards of our local
  governments. For bio-pharmaceutical uses, the
  water used must meet a much higher standard.

3
WATER PURIFICATION

• Bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing uses Water For
  Injection (WFI). WFI is considered to be 100
  water. This water is free of sediment, minerals,
  and organic contamination.
• WFI is typically contained in stainless steel
  systems, heated to temperatures just below
  boiling, and pumped through systems to the point
  of use that will not allow dead zones where the
  water does not circulate.

4
WATER PURIFICATION

• WFI is used to clean water resistant manufactured
  medical equipment such as syringes. Under high
  pressure it is sprayed on this equipment, used to
  soak it, and injected into the internal parts of
  the equipment.

5
WATER PURIFICATION

• In our homes we might have a sediment filter to
  remove fairly large particles suspended in the
  water. Our cars have a sediment filters for oil.
• Sediment filters for water typically use a cloth
  or paper filter cartridge. As the water flows
  through large sediment particles are removed from
  the water. Sediment removal is frequently the
  first step in making WFI.

Photograph from Wiki Media Commons
6
WATER PURIFICATION

• If the water coming into our homes was to be used
  to make WFI and has some unwanted biologic
  residue, chlorine, or a foul odor then a second
  filter is added. The second filter will be
  activated charcoal.
• Activated
  charcoal will not
• remove sodium
  fluoride or
• nitrates.

Photograph from Wiki Media Commons
7
WATER PURIFICATION
Typically the two canisters for the filters are
connected in simple series. Filter canisters
used in our homes are small a few inches in
diameter and less than a foot long.
Those used in WFI production for
bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing are much larger.
Photograph from Wiki Media Commons
8
WATER PURIFICATION

• Some locations have water very high in mineral
  content. These locations will add an ion
  exchange filter to their series of filters.

These beads are made of plastic resin and can be
charged to attract specific ions.
Photograph from Wiki Media Commons
9
WATER PURIFICATION

• A water softener is an ion exchange filter to
  remove scale producing calcium and magnesium from
  water.
• Water softeners use special resin( small plastic
  beads) that attract calcium and magnesium ions.
  
• Water softeners cycle periodically to recharge
  they flush the residue with salt water to remove
  (rinse away) unwanted ions. This rinse water is
  discarded.

10
WATER PURIFICATION

• Another device that is added to water
  purification systems in some homes and in
  biopharmaceutical manufacturing plants is a
  reverse osmosis filter.
• This device forces water to move against the
  normal direction of osmosis through a
  semi-permeable membrane. The reverse osmosis
  requires high pressure to move water through the
  filter.

11
WATER PURIFICATION

• Reverse osmosis removes bacteria, spores and
  viruses from water.
• Water after being run through the reverse osmosis
  membrane is very, very clean. The water before
  the membrane will have a built up of unwanted
  particles and must be cycled (flushed out)
  periodically.

12
WATER PURIFICATION
13
WATER PURIFICATION

• In the production of water for injection for
• bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing has an
  additional stage, distillation.
• Distillation heats water to its boiling point,
  creates vapor which passes through a cooling
  system, and re-condenses back to liquid water.
  Water after the distillation process is 100
  water.

14
WATER PURIFICATION

• Water for injection is kept at high temperatures
  and is used for a very complete cleaning of
  medical products. Any small amount of remaining
  manufacturing residue and biological contaminants
  are completely cleaned from the product. The
  product is now ready for clean-room packaging and
  sealing.
• Medical products, such as syringes, are
  sterilized by gamma radiation after packaging.