Title: Energy and Waste Chapters 15, 16, and 22 Living in the Environment, 11th Edition, Miller
1Renewable Energy Chapter 17 Living in the
Environment, 15th Edition, Miller
Taken From Advanced Placement Environmental
Science La Canada High School Dr. E
2Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind
Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
3Energy Efficiency
- Increasing energy efficiency of common devices
has economic and environmental advantages - Reducing oil imports
- Prolonging fossil fuel supplies
- Reducing pollution and environmental degradation
- Saving money
- Buys time to develop new technology
- Creating jobs
4Efficiency of Some Common Devices
- Device Efficiency ()
- Dry-cell flashlight battery 90
- Home gas furnace 85
- Storage battery 70
- Home oil furnace 65
- Small electric motor 62
- Steam power plant 38
- Diesel engine 38
- High-intensity lamp 32
- Automobile engine 25
- Fluorescent lamp 22
- Incandescent lamp 4
5Energy Efficiency
percentage of energy input that does useful work
in an energy conversion system
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6Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency
- Between 1985 and 2001, the average fuel
efficiency for new motor vehicles sold in the
United States leveled off or declined - Fuel-efficient models account for only a tiny
fraction of car sales - Hybrid-electric cars are now available and sales
are expected to increase - Fuel-cell cars that burn hydrogen fuel will be
available within a few years - Electric scooters and electric bicycles are
short-range transportation alternatives
7Energy use of various types of transportation
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8Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency
- Superinsulated house
- Cost 5 more to build
- See saving after 5 years
- Sweeden homes 90 more efficient than US homes
- Strawbale houses
- Compact straw with plaster or adobe
- uses an annually renewable agricultural residue
- Thus slowing deforestation
9Atlanta Georgia Power Company
- Uses 60 less energy than conventional office
buildings due to design
10ING Bank, Netherllands
- Uses 92 less energy and cost no more than a
conventional building
11Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency
- Existing homes can be made more energy efficient
- adding insulation
- plugging leaks
- installing energy-saving windows
- wrapping water heaters
- installing tankless models
- buying energy-efficient appliances and lights
12Natural Gas or Electricity
- Water heater
- Electricity is produced at power plant via gas or
coal and transferred via wire to your home - Some energy is lost over the wire,
13Water Heater
- Tank
- Water is heated 365/24/7
- Because heat is lost through the flue and the
walls of the storage tank (this is called standby
heat loss), energy is consumed even when no hot
water is being used.
14Water Heater
- Tankless
- The energy consumption of these units is
generally lower since standby losses from the
storage tank are eliminated. - Demand water heaters with enough capacity to meet
household needs are gas- or propane-fired. - http//www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topwater.htm
15Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind
Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability
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17Solar Energy
- Buildings can be heated
- passive solar heating system
- active solar heating system
- Solar thermal systems are new technologies that
collect and transform solar energy into heat that
can be used directly or converted to electricity - Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy directly
into electricity
18Suitability of Solar Usage
best when more than 60 of daylight hours sunny
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
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20Solar Heating
Passive system Absorbs stores heat from the
sun directly within a structure
Active system Collectors absorb solar energy, a
pump supplies part of a buildings heating or
water heating needs.
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
21www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
22Solar Domestic Hot Water (SDHW)
- An open circuit hot water system heats the
domestic water directly on the roof of the
building - The water flows from the heat collector into the
hot water tank to be used in the house - Integration of solar energy conservation in homes
can reduce energy consumption by 75-90. - www.iea-shc.org
www.earlham.edu/parkero/Seminar/
SOLAR20AMERICA5B15D.ppt
23Photovoltaic BP Article (Solar) Cellswork for BP
Provides electricity for buildings
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
24Inside the PV cell
- PV cells are made from silicon alloys
- PV module
- 1cm by 10cm cells
- 36 cells connected
www.earlham.edu/parkero/Seminar/
SOLAR20AMERICA5B15D.ppt
25www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
26Organic CellsVs.Dry Sensitive Cells
http//www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/konark
a-gets-20m-more-for-organic-solar-cells/
27Solar Thermal Techniques
Solar Two
www.earlham.edu/parkero/Seminar/
SOLAR20AMERICA5B15D.ppt
28Heliostats
- Heliostats provide concentrated sunlight to the
power tower - The reflecting mirrors follow the sun along its
daily trajectory
www.earlham.edu/parkero/Seminar/
SOLAR20AMERICA5B15D.ppt
29Power Tower
- Sunlight from mirrors are reflected to fixed
receiver in power tower - Fluid transfers the absorbed solar heat into the
power block - Used to heat a steam generator
Solar One
www.earlham.edu/parkero/Seminar/
SOLAR20AMERICA5B15D.ppt
30www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
31Solar-Hydrogen Revolution
- Splitting water can produce H2 gas
- If scientists and engineers can learn how to use
forms of solar energy to decompose water cheaply,
they will set in motion a solar-hydrogen
revolution - Hydrogen-powered fuel cells could power vehicles
and appliances
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33Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind
Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
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35History of Hydroelectric
- B.C. - Used by the Greeks to turn water wheels
for grinding wheat into flour, more than 2,000
years ago - 1775 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers founded, with
establishment of Chief Engineer for the
Continental Army - 1880 - Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light and
Power Company, generating electricity by dynamo,
belted to a water turbine at the Wolverine Chair
Factory, lit up 16 brush-arc lamps.
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
hydroelectric/hydro.ppt
36History of Hydroelectric
- By 1940 - 40 of electrical generation was
hydropower - Between 1921 and 1940 - conventional capacity in
the U.S. tripled almost tripled again between
1940 and 1980 - Currently - about 10 of U.S. electricity comes
from hydropower.
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
hydroelectric/hydro.ppt
37www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
hydroelectric/hydro.ppt
38Turbine Technologies
- Reaction
- fully immersed in fluid
- shape of blades produces rotation
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
hydroelectric/hydro.ppt
39www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
40Tidal Power Plant
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41Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind
Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
42Rotary Windmill
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt
43Vertical Blades
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt
44www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
45Energy from Wind
- Production of electricity and hydrogen gas by
wind farms is expected to increase - Western Europe currently leads in the development
of wind power - Land used for wind farms also can be used for
ranching or crops and most profits stay in local
communities - North Dakota
46Optimization
- Low Torque Rapid Speed
- good for electrical generation
- High Torque Slow Speed
- good for pumping water
- Small generator
- low wind speeds
- captures small amount of energy
- Large generator
- high wind speeds
- may not turn at low speeds
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt
47www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
48Source American Wind Energy Association
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt
49www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
50Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind
Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
51Energy from Biomass
- In the developing world, most people heat homes
and cook by burning wood or charcoal - Plant materials and animal wastes also can be
converted into biofuels, - Biogas
- Liquid ethanol
- Liquid methanol
- Urban wastes can be burned in incinerators to
produce electricity and heat
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
52Types of Biomass Fuel
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
53Biorefinery
- Fuels
- Ethanol
- Renewable Diesel
- Methanol
- Hydrogen
- Electricity
- Heat
- Products
- Plastics
- Foams
- Solvents
- Coatings
- Chemical Intermediates
- Phenolics
- Adhesives
- Fatty acids
- Acetic Acid
- Carbon black
- Paints
Conversion Processes
- Biomass
- Feedstock
- Trees
- Forest Residues
- Grasses
- Agricultural Crops
- Agricultural Residues
- Animal Wastes
- Municipal Solid Waste
- Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation
- Enzymatic Fermentation
- - Gas/liquid Fermentation
- - Thermochemical Processes
- - Gasification/Pyrolysis
- - Combustion
- - Co-firing
www.sc.doe.gov/bes/besac/BESACGarman08-02-01.ppt
54www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
55Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind
Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
56Geothermal Energy
- Geothermal energy can be used to heat buildings
and to produce electricity - Geothermal reservoirs can be depleted if heat is
removed faster than natural processes renew it,
but the potential supply is vast
57Technology
- Geothermal Heat Pumps
- shallow ground energy
- Direct-Use
- hot water can be piped to facilities
- Power Plants
- steam and hot water drive turbines
- dry steam plants
- flash steam plants
- binary cycle plants
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
58Dry Steam Power Plants
- Hydrothermal fluids are primarily steam
- Steam goes directly to turbine
- No fossil fuels
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
59Flash Steam Power Plant
- Fluids above 200 degrees Celsius
- Fluid is sprayed into tank at lower pressure
- Fluid rapidly vaporizes
- Steam drives turbine
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
60Binary Cycle Power Plant
- Cooler water (below 200 degrees Celsius)
- Hot thermal fluid and a second fluid pass through
heat exchanger
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
61Heat Mining
- Last week the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology released a study concluding that heat
mining could generate enough energy by 2050 to
replace the coal-fired and nuclear power plants
that are likely to be retired over the next
several decades. - Boston Globe Gareth Cook, Globe Staff January
29, 2007 _at_ http//www.boston.com/news/globe/health
_science/articles/2007/01/29/the_power_of_rocks/
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70- At present the DHM project and drilling
activities are financed by the Swiss Federal
Office of Energy (SFOE), the canton of the city
of Basel, the water and energy public utilities
of Basel (IWB), a power company (Elektra Basel
Land), and a private foundation (G.H. Endress)
http//www.geothermie.de/iganews/no45/the_swiss_de
ep_heat.htm
71Benefits
- Clean Energy
- one sixth of carbon dioxide vs. natural gas
- very little if any nitrous oxide or sulfur
compounds - Availability
- 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
- Homegrown
- Renewable
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
72Environmental Effects
- Only emission is steam
- Salts and dissolved minerals reinjected
- Some sludge produced
- Mineral extraction
- Little Visual Impact
- Small acreage, no fuel storage facilities
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
73Location
- Hot geothermal fluid
- Low mineral and gas content
- Shallow aquifers
- Producing and reinjecting the fluid
- Private land
- Simplifies permit process
- Proximity to transmission lines
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
74www.eren.doe.gov/power/consumer/
rebasics_geothermal.html
75Future
- Only tiny fraction is currently used
- Dry hot rock heated by molten magma
- Drill into rock and circulate water
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
76Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind
Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability
77Suggestions to make the transition to a
more sustainable energy future.
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt