???? 104 107 Man and Environment 4 (4-0-8) ?????????????? 1 ?????????? 2549 Environment of Human Population: The Biotic Environments

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???? 104 107 Man and Environment 4
(4-0-8)?????????????? 1 ??????????
2549Environment of Human PopulationThe Biotic
Environments ??? ?.???? ??????????
?????? 29 ???????? 2549 ???? 15.00-17.00 ?. ?
????????????? ???? B3103
Flora Fauna- Biomes of the World -
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F L O R A

• ?????????????????? ?????????????????????(list of
  the plants of an area or period)

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F A U N A

• ???????????????????? ??????????
  ??????????????????????????
• (the animals characteristic of a region, period,
  or special environment)

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B I O M E

• Large ecosystem characterized by similar
  plant/vegetation, animal, and climate
• There are various terrestrial biomes
• and two aquatic (freshwater and salt-water)
  biomes

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Some of the Biomes on Earth (1)- Terrestrial -

• Desert
• very dry, either hot or cold
• Tropical Rain Forest
• warm and very wet
• Grassland
• Windy, grass with few trees

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Some of the Biomes on Earth (2)- Terrestrial -

• Deciduous Forest
• cool and rainy, with deciduous trees
• Tundra
• cool, treeless, and dry
• Coniferous Forest (Taiga)
• cool and dry, with coniferous trees

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Some of the Biomes on Earth (3)- Aquatic -

• Wetlands - many types, including swamps, marshes,
  bogs, fens, sloughs, etc.
• Marine
• benthic biomes (bottom)
• coral reef (warm shallow salt-water
  environments)
• pelagic biomes (open seas near the surface)
• estuarine biomes (where rivers meet oceans)

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DESERT
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DESERT

• Deserts cover about 18-20 of the Earth's land
  area
• Insects, reptiles (especially lizards), birds and
  small mammals reside in the desert, many active
  only at night

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DESERT

• Temperature Average of 38 OC (day), -3.9 OC
  (night)
• Precipitation About 250 mm of rain per year
• Vegetation Cacti, small bushes, short grasses
• Location Between 15 O and 35 O latitude (North
  and South of the equator) examples are Mojave,
  Sonoran, Chihuahua, and Great Basin (North
  America) Sahara (Africa) Negev (Middle East)
  and Gobi (Asia)
• Other Perennials survive for several years by
  becoming dormant and flourishing when water is
  available. Annuals are referred to as ephemerals
  because some can complete an entire life cycle in
  weeks.
• Example El-Oasr el-Akhdar, Egypt

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Desert Plant Adaptations

• Some flowering desert plants are ephemeral
• They live for a few days. Their seeds lie dormant
  in the soil, sometimes for years, until a soaking
  rain enables them to germinate and quickly bloom
• Desert plants usually have small leaves.
• This conserves water by reducing surface area
  from which transpiration can take place

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Desert Plant Adaptations

• Other plants drop their leaves during the dry
  period
• Woody desert plants either
• have long root systems that reach deep water
  sources or
• have spreading shallow roots that are able to
  take up surface moisture quickly from heavy dews
  and occasional rains

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Desert Plant Adaptations

• Desert plants are succulents, storing water in
  leaves, stems, and roots
• Thorns, modified leaves, guard the water from
  animal invaders
• These plants may take in and store carbon dioxide
  only at night during the day their stomata, or
  pores, are closed to prevent evaporation.

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Desert Animal Adaptations

• Amphibian species mature rapidly, mate, and lay
  eggs
• Many birds and rodents reproduce only periods of
  winter rain that stimulate the growth of
  vegetation
• Some desert rodents are extremely efficient at
  conserving and recycling water, their urine is
  highly concentrated

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Desert Animal Adaptations

• Most desert mammals and reptiles are nocturnal,
  remaining in cool underground burrows or in the
  shade by day
• Some desert reptiles can control their metabolic
  heat production by varying their rate of
  heartbeat and the rate of body metabolism

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TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
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TROPICAL RAINFORESTS

• Located near the equator
• Cover less than 10 of the Earth's surface, but
  provide a habitat for 50 to 90 of the world's
  plant and animal species

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TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

• Temperature 20 OC to 25 OC,
• must remain warm and frost-free
• Precipitation 2,000 to 10,000 millimeters of
  rain per year
• Vegetation Vines, palm trees, orchids, ferns
• Location Between the Tropic of Cancer and the
  Tropic of Capricorn
• Other There are two types of rainforests,
  tropical and temperate. Tropical rainforests are
  found closer to the equator and temperate
  rainforests are found farther north near coastal
  areas. The majority of common houseplants come
  from the rainforest.
• Example Campa Pita, Belize

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Characteristics

• Greatest diversity of species
• Near the equator, within the area bounded by
  latitudes 23.5 degrees N and 23.5 degrees S
• Distinct seasonality winter is absent, and only
  two seasons are present (rainy and dry)
• Daylight is 12 hours and varies little.

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• Characterized by rapid plant growth, thick forest
  canopy, and a huge diversity of animal species
• A multitude of insects and other invertebrates
  thrive along with birds, monkey, snakes and lizard

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• Flora is highly diverse one square kilometer may
  contain as many as 100 different tree species.
• Trees are 25-35 m tall, with buttressed trunks
  and shallow roots, mostly evergreen, with large
  dark green leaves.
• Plants such as orchids, bromeliads, vines, ferns,
  mosses, and palms are present in tropical forests.

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• Fauna include numerous birds, bats, small
  mammals, and insects.

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• EMERGENTS Giant trees - houses many birds and
  insects.
• CANOPY The upper parts - full of life in a
  tropical rainforest and includes insects, birds,
  reptiles, mammals, and more.
• UNDERSTORY A dark, cool environment under the
  leaves but over the ground.
• FOREST FLOOR Teeming with animal life,
  especially insects. The largest animals in the
  rainforest generally live here.

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Rain Forest Plants

• Large leaves are commonly found especially where
  light is low and transpiration reduced due to the
  high humidity
• Many trees have thin, smooth bark because there
  is little need to conserve water, while others
  are armed with spikes or thorns for protection.

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Rain Forest Plants

• Some trees have large fleshy fruits to attract
  the birds and animals that disperse the seeds
• Epiphytes (?????) are plants that root on the
  trees
• Climbers are woody vines (????????) that grow
  high into the canopy

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Rain Forest Animals

• Many endemic species are found in rainforests
• Sometimes living on only one type of food plant
• Being active at certain times of the day
• Adaptations for living in the high canopy include
  flying, gliding, and prehensile tails

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Rain Forest Animals

• Ground-dwelling forest mammals include large
  cats, such as tigers and jaguars, pigs, and many
  species of rodent
• Bird and reptile species occur in each of the
  forest layers -bright colouring and distinctive
  calls patterning
• Many species have effective camouflage behaviours

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• The deforestation technique of slash and burn
  causes environmental damage
• carbon dioxide adds to the greenhouse effect
• destroys animal habitats
• accelerates erosion
• adding to the sediment loads of rivers
• making seasonal flooding much more severe

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GRASSLAND
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GRASSLAND

• Large parts of grasslands are now planted with
  wheat, barley, and maize
• Most famous animal are the large grazers and
  browsers of the savannah,
• lion, cheetah, elephant, rhinoceros, giraffe,
  buffalo, zebra and numerous species of antelopes

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GRASSLAND

• Temperature Dependent on latitude, yearly range
  
• can be between -20 OC to 30 OC
• Precipitation About 500 to 900 mm of rain per
  year
• Vegetation Grasses (prairie clover, salvia,
  oats, wheat, barley, coneflowers)
• Location The prairies of the Great Plains of
  North America, the pampas of South America, the
  veldt of South Africa, the steppes of Central
  Eurasia, and surrounding the deserts in Australia
  
• Other Found on every continent except
  Antarctica
• Example Ingeniera White, Argentina

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There are 2 main divisions of grasslands

• tropical grassland, called savanna
• temperate grassland

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Savanna

• Grassland with scattered individual trees
• Cover almost half the surface of Africa (about
  five million square miles, generally central
  Africa) and large areas of Australia, South
  America, and India

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• Prairies are grasslands with tall grasses
• Steppes are grasslands with short grasses

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DECIDUOUS FOREST
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DECIDUOUS FOREST

• deciduous trees (shed their leaves annually)
• winters are long, but not as harsh as Taiga
• animal life is varied and includes ground
  squirrels, foxes, bears, mice, snakes, rabbits,
  lizards, and deers

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DECIDUOUS FOREST

• Temperature -30 OC to 30 OC,
• yearly average is 10 OC, hot summers, cold
  winters
• Precipitation 750 to 1,500 mm of rain per year
• Vegetation Broadleaf trees (oaks, maples,
  beeches), shrubs, perennial herbs, and mosses
• Location Eastern United States, Canada, Europe,
  China, and Japan
• Other Temperate deciduous forests are most
  notable because they go through four seasons.
  Leaves change color in autumn, fall off in the
  winter, and grow back in the spring this
  adaptation allows plants to survive cold winters.
  
• Example Staunton, Virginia, United States

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Fall Colors

• In the Fall, the number of hours of daylight
  decreases
• This causes deciduous trees to stop producing
  chlorophyll and eventually lose their leaves
• During this time, these leaves turn brilliant
  colors, ranging from red to orange to yellow to
  brown

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TUNDRA
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TUNDRA

• Long, severe winters and cool, brief summers
• At its warmest, the ground only thaws about 1m (3
  ft) below this is permanently frozen ground,
  called permafrost

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TUNDRA

• Temperature -40 OC to 18 OC
• Precipitation 150 to 250 mm of rain per year
• Vegetation Almost no trees due to short growing
  season and permafrost lichens, mosses, grasses,
  sedges, shrubs
• Location Regions south of the ice caps of the
  Arctic and extending across North America,
  Europe, and Siberia (high mountain tops)
• Other Tundra comes from the Finnish word
  tunturia, meaning "treeless plain" it is the
  coldest of the biomes
• Example Yakutsk, Russia

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Characteristics of Tundra

• Extremely cold climate
• Low biotic diversity
• Simple vegetation structure
• Limitation of drainage
• Short season of growth and reproduction
• Energy and nutrients in the form of dead organic
  material
• Large population oscillations

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TUNDRA

• Most typical plants are mosses, lichens, and
  other small plants that can survive the extreme
  cold
• Polar bears, reindeer, caribou, arctic foxes,
  arctic hares, all inhabit the northern tundra

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TUNDRA

• While the fringes of Antarctica support various
  species of seal and penguin

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Arctic Tundra

• Located in the northern hemisphere, encircling
  the north pole and extending south to the
  coniferous forests of the taiga

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Alpine Tundra

• Located on mountains throughout the world at high
  altitude where trees cannot grow
• The growing season is approximately 180 days

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Tundra Animals

• Caribou migrate in large herds to feed on the
  plants flowering and setting seed during the
  short summer
• Predatory wolves track the herds on their
  migration, while foxes clean up carrion
  (????????) and the sickly

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Tundra Animals

• Arctic foxes have the thickest pelts (skin) and
  tiny ears
• Foxes evolved a method of preventing heat
  escaping from their paws into the snow

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Tundra Animals

• Caribou have similar heat-exchangers and a
  special type of fat in their lower legs
• Musk oxen insulating themselves with thick layers
  of fur and fat, they huddle together in groups
  for warmth and, when threatened by predators,
  will often form a protective circle with the
  young calves at the center

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TAIGA(Coniferous Forest)
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T A I G A

• Taiga (northern coniferous forest or boreal
  forest)
• The largest land biome, covering about 17 of the
  Earth's land area or about 1/3 of its total
  forested area
• Lengthy, snowy, cold winters and short, mild
  summers
• Cone-bearing trees and spongy bogs dominate the
  landscape
• Various types of large deer, particularly elk and
  wapiti, and wolves, hares, bears

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TAIGA

• Temperature -40 OC to 20 OC, average summer
  temperature is 10 OC
• Precipitation 300 to 900 millimeters of rain
  per year
• Vegetation Coniferous-evergreen trees (trees
  that produce cones and needles some needles
  remain on the trees all year long)
• Location Canada, Europe, Asia, and the United
  States
• Other Coniferous forest regions have cold,
  long, snowy winters, and warm, humid summers
  well-defined seasons, at least four to six
  frost-free months
• Example Beaverlodge, Alberta, Canada

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Coniferous (Boreal) Forest

• The largest terrestial biome
• Occuring between 50 and 60 degrees N latitudes
• Seasons are divided into short, moist, and
  moderately warm summers and long, cold, and dry
  winters
• The length of the growing season in boreal
  forests is 130 days

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Coniferous (Boreal) Forest

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• Flora consist mostly of cold-tolerant evergreen
  conifers with needle-like leaves, such as pine,
  fir, and spruce.

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• Fauna include woodpeckers, hawks, moose, bear,
  weasel, lynx, fox, wolf, deer, hares, chipmunks,
  shrews, and bats.

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TaigaCone-bearing Tree

• Their conical shape allows snow to fall off
  easily
• The small surface area of their needle-shaped
  leaves reduces water loss
• A thick, waxy cuticle protects the leaf stomata
  from the drying winds and prevents water loss
• Dark-colored leaves throughout the year, the
  evergreen trees are ready to photosynthesize as
  soon as temperatures rise above 6 C (43 F) in
  spring

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Taiga Animal Adaptations

• Thick coats of fur or feathers for insulation
• Large body size, relative to similar species, is
  another strategy that prevents heat loss, i.e.
  elk is the largest member of the deer family
• Several species have developed the ability to
  live beneath the snow-covered ground in winter

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Taiga Animal Adaptations

• Others, such as the brown-bear and squirrel,
  over-winter by hibernation
• Some animals do not hibernate, but hoard or store
  food to enable them to survive the winter period

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Taiga Animal Adaptations

• Migratory behaviour caribou migrate south in
  winter, other birds and mammals only spend the
  summer months in the taiga