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Ecosystems and Communities Ch. 4 Weather and Climate Weather

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Title: Ecosystems and Communities Ch. 4 Weather and Climate Weather


1
Ecosystems and Communities
  • Ch. 4

2
Weather and Climate
  • Weather is the day-to-day condition of the
    Earths atmosphere at a particular time and
    place.
  • Climate is the typical weather pattern over time
    in an area. (avg. year around temperature)
  • Ecosystems can change with climate changes. Hot,
    cold, rainy, sunny. (1.40b)
  • Can you think of any examples where ecosystems
    have changed with the environment?

3
Greenhouse Effect- trapping of heat in the
atmosphere
  • CO2, methane water vapor and a few other
    atmospheric greenhouse gases trap heat energy and
    maintain Earths temperature range.
  • Greenhouse effect is the natural situation in
    which heat is retained by the layer of greenhouse
    gases.

4
Ozone Layer
  • Band of ozone (O3) that shields the earth from
    much of the suns harmful UV radiation.
  • Thining increases the exposure to UV radiation,
    increasing cataracts and skin cancer and reduce
    crop supply. It may decrease resistance to
    disease.
  • Causes of thining
  • CFCs (chloroflorocarbons are ordorless,
    noncorrosive compounds that were once used as
    proprellants in aerosol cans and in production of
    plastic foam, coolants in air conditions,
    refrigerators and freezers.

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7
Global Warming
  • Global warming is is the increase in the Earths
    average temperature.
  • Much of the sunlight that hits the surface of our
    planet is converted into heat energy and then
    radiated back into the atmosphere.
  • Where are some of the gases coming from that are
    causing this effect?
  • Greenhouse gases do not allow heat E to pass out
    of the atmosphere as readily as light energy
    enters it.
  • The gases trap the heat.
  • If these gases were not present in the
    atmosphere, the Earth would be 30oC cooler.
  • In 2050, Earths temp may increase by 2 to 4oC.

8
Latitude and Longitude
  • Longitude vertical
  • Latitude- horizontal
  • As a result of differences in latitudes and thus
    the angle of heating, Earth has 3 main climate
    zones.
  • Polar, Temperate and Tropical.
  • Where do you think each are located?

9
Climate Zones
  • Tropical Zone- equator to 30o N and 30oS
    latitudes.
  • Temperate Zone- 30o to 60o N and S latitudes.
  • Arctic (Polar)Zone- beyond 60o N or S latitudes.

10
Heat Transport in the Biosphere by Winds
  • The unequal heating of the Earths surface drives
    winds and ocean currents, which transport heat
    throughout the biosphere.
  • Winds form because warm air rises and cool air
    sinks. What zones does air rise? Sink?
  • Prevailing winds bring warm or cold air to a
    region, affecting its climate.

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12
Ocean currents
  • Cold water sinks, warm water rises.
  • Cold water near the poles sinks and then flows
    parallel to the ocean bottom, eventually rising
    again in warmer regions in a process called
    upwelling.
  • Surface water is moved by winds.

13
Why do you think the westerlies move east and
easterlies move west?
14
Parts of the environment
  • Abiotic factors- non-living parts of the
    environment.
  • A-without, bio-life
  • Ex water, soil, light , temperature, wind, and
    physical space.
  • Biotic factors- living parts of the environment.
  • Ex plants, animals and other organisms.

1.43 Understand that and describe how organisms
are influenced by a particular combination of
living and non-living components in the
environment.
15
Habitats
  • Every species in a habitat has characteristics
    that enable it to function in the unique abiotic
    and biotic factors.
  • It provides the members of a species with food,
    shelter, water, and whatever else they need to
    survive.

16
Niches
  • A niche is the full range of physical and
    biological conditions in which an organisms lives
    and the way in which the organisms uses those
    conditions.
  • An organisms role in the environment.
  • What organism eats
  • how it eats, where lives
  • how reproduces
  • temperatures needed to survive
  • where in food chain,
  • Can two species share a niche in the same
    habitat? Note different tree elevations may be
    different habitats.

17
Community Interactions
  • Competition occurs when organisms of the same or
    different species attempt to use an ecological
    resource in the same place at same time.
  • Resource is any necessity of life, such as water,
    nutrients, light, food or space.
  • Competition exclusion principle states that no
    two species can occupy the same niche in the same
    habitat at the same time.

18
  • Interdependence
  • Organisms rely on their changing environment to
    survive. How? Even a small change to one type of
    organism can have a major impact on all of the
    other organisms in an environment.
  • Predator-prey relationships.
  • Symbiosis- different species rely on each other.
    3 kinds.
  • Mutualism- both partners benefit.
  • Commensalism- one partner benefits and the other
    is unaffected.
  • Parasitism- One benefits the other is harmed.
    Which benefits?
  • Give examples of each.

19
Changes in an Ecosystem
  • Ecosystems can be reasonable stable over hundreds
    of years. If a disaster such as a flood or fire
    occurs, the damaged ecosystem is likely to
    recover in stages that eventually result in a
    system similar to the original one.

1.39
20
Changing with the Environment
  • Ecosystems can be relatively stable over hundreds
    or thousands of years.
  • Changing conditions affect the communities of
    organisms that live in the ecosystem
  • Ecosystems are always changing, sometimes quickly
    and dramatically with a fire or flood or sometime
    slowly.
  • Damaged ecosystems from a flood or fire are
    likely to recover in stages that eventually
    results in a system similar to the original one.

1.39
21
Succession Changes over Time
  • Primary succession is the colonization of new
    sites by communities of organisms after a change
    in the ecosystem. (Volcanoes)
  • 1000s of years
  • After time, primary succession slows down, and
    the community becomes fairly stable.
  • Orderly, natural changes that take place in
    communities of an ecosystem is a succession.
  • What is a pioneer species?

22
Secondary Succession
  • Secondary succession is the sequence of community
    changes when a community is disrupted by natural
    disasters or human actions.
  • Fewer than 100 years
  • A stable, mature community that undergoes little
    or no succession, is a climax community.
  • Describe a place around you where you have seen
    succession occurring.

1.39
23
Succession in a Marine Ecosystem
  • Large whale dies and sinks to ocean floor and
    attracts scavengers and decomposers.
  • Tissues are eaten by smaller org. Decomposition
    enriches sediments, for other species.
  • Heterotrophic bacteria decompose oil in bones and
    serve as energy sources for chemosynthetic
    autotrophs that support other org.
  • Pg. 96
  • Note Succession can happen in any ecosystem.
  • The following the succession of a whale-fall
    community.

24
Biomes
  • A biome is a large group of ecosystems that share
    the same type of climate community.
  • Land- Terrestrial
  • Water- Aquatic
  • Microclimate- climate in a small area that
    differs from the climate around it.
  • Fog

(Make graphic organizer for biomes including
climate, flora, fauna, location, other
characteristics.
Biome link
25
Climatogram
  • Shows two components of climate
  • Temperature and precipitation

San Luis Opispo, California
26
Biomes are determined by climates (temperature
and precipitation).
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29
Tundra
  • Tundra cold and treeless, and most of the soil
    is permanently frozen. A thin layer of soil
    thaws briefly during short, cool, summers.
    Winters are long, dark and very cold.
  • plant life in the tundra consists of mosses and
    lichens
  • Where do you think tundras are located?
  • Artic Zone
  • Northern N. America, Asia, Europe

30
Taiga (Boreal Forest)
  • Taiga located south of the tundra, at the
    northern edge of the temperate zone. Winters are
    long, cold, and summers are relatively mild.
  • How are they different from tundras?
  • The taiga climate and soil can support trees such
    as conifers.
  • N America, Asia, and N. Europe

31
Temperate Forest
  • Grows where summers are pleasantly warm with
    frequent rains, and winters are somewhat cold.
  • What type of trees make up a temperate forest?
  • Tall deciduous trees and coniferous trees.
  • Conifers- seed-bearing cones and needles.
  • Deciduous-sheds leaves during particular season.
  • Eastern US, SE Canada, most of Europe, parts of
    Japan, China and Australia

32
Chapparral (Temperate Woodland and Shrubland)
  • Warm region that has a rainy winter season,
    followed by a long, dry summer.
  • How do chapperal organisms adapt to these
    extremes in precipitation?
  • Plants are drought-resistant reptiles and
    insects have thick, watertight coverings.
  • W coasts of N and S America, Mediterranean Sea,
    S. Africa, Australia

33
Tropical Rain Forest
  • Warm, wet weather, lush plant life, and diverse
    animal life. Poor soil
  • What abiotic factors contribute to this
    diversity?
  • Sunlight, water, soil and temperature.
  • Parts of S. and Central America, SE Asia, parts
    of Africa, S India, NE Australia
  • Tropical Dry Forests rainfall is seasonal
    rather than year round. Rich Soil
  • Parts of Africa, S. and Central America, Mexico,
    India, Australia and Tropical Islands

34
Desert
  • Too little precipitation creates deserts, arid
    regions with sparse plant life.
  • Extremely dry, hot deserts may consist only of
    shifting sand dunes. Deserts Africa, Asia,
    Middle East, US, Mexico, S. America, Australia
  • Extremely cold deserts include those is in
    Mongolia and China.
  • How do plants conserve water?
  • Store water in thick, succulent stems.

35
Grassland
  • Widespread communities characterized by grasses
    and small plants.
  • Temperate grasslands( summers hot and winters are
    cold and windy)
  • Central Asia, N. America, Australia, central
    Europe, upland plateaus of S. America
  • Tropical savannas (warm year-round and have
    alternating wet and dry seasons.)
  • Large parts of eastern Africa, southern Brazil,
    northern Australia

36
Other Land Areas
  • Mountain ranges- abiotic and biotic conditions
    vary with elevation.
  • Move up temperature decreases and precipitation
    increases.
  • Polar ice caps- cold year round.
  • Mosses and lichens grow.
  • Few plants
  • Northern- Polar bears, seals, insects and mites.
  • Southern polar region- 5km of ice. Penguins and
    marine animals.

37
Marine Biomes
  • Most of the water on earth is salty.
  • Fresh water is confined to rivers, streams,
    ponds, and most lakes.
  • Photic Zone is the portion of the marine biome
    that is shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate.
  • Aphotic Zone- Deeper water that never receives
    sunlight.

38
Water Biomes
39
Freshwater Biomes
  • 1. Flowing water streams, rivers, etc.
  • 2. Standing waters ponds, lakes.
  • plankton- tiny-free floating or weakly swimming
    organisms that live in freshwater and saltwater.
  • phytoplankton- single-celled algae
  • zooplankton- feed of phytoplankton

40
Freshwater
  • 3. Wetlands ecosystem where water either covers
    the soil or is present at or near the surface of
    the soil for at least part of the year.
  • Bogs-freshwater wetlands
  • Marshes- shallow wetlands along rivers
  • Swamp- flooded forest
  • 4. Estuary wetlands where fresh water and
    saltwater mix. They form where rivers meet the
    sea and deposit nutrient-rich sediment.
  • detritus- tiny pieces of organic material that
    are food.
  • Salt marshes- temperature zone estuaries
    dominated by low-tide line and seagrasses
    underwater.
  • Coastal Wetlands (mangrove swamps) along
    seacoast that are sometimes mixed with
    saltwater. Florida

41
Marine Zones
42
Phytoplankton and algae
Coastal OCEAN Kelp forests
Squids and fishes make their own light.
Bottom-dwellers, sea stars, shrimp, crabs, clams,
worms, urchins, sponges and sea anemones.
Benthic Zone
43
Marine Ecosystems
  • Intertidal Zone- org. exposed to regular and
    extreme changes. Tides moves. Star fish and
    clams must attach themsevles.
  • Coastal Ocean- extends from low-tide mark to the
    outer edge of the continental shelf.
  • Kelp forests
  • Coral Reefs- calcium carbonate

44
Marine Ecosystems
  • Open ocean- 500 m to 11,000 m. Low levels of
    nutrients. Octopods, dolphins, whales, fish.
  • Benthic Zone- ocean floor. Cold, dark, pressure
    at bottom

45
Ecosystems and Communities Review
  • Click on the following link and choose your text
    book. Review the links and take the self-test
    for Ch. 4.
  • Ch. 4 Review
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