d. example: sharks, rays, skates. phylum: chordata cont. 3.

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Classification of Organisms
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Classification
A. Arrangement in classes or groups to improve
communication between scientists.

• Four factors used to classify

1. They have similar structures
2. They have similar behaviors
3. They eat the same kinds of things
4. They have the same chemical make up.
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II. Five Kingdoms of Living Things

• A. Moneran Kingdom

• Simple single celled
• Example Bacteria

• Helpful types
• a. Decomposers
• b. Yogurt

• Harmful types
• a. Pathogens cause disease
• b Strepthroat

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II. Five Kingdoms cont.
B. The Protist Kingdom

• Complex , single celled organism

a. Euglenas- make their own food

• Protozoans depend on getting food from
• other sources.

• Examples of common protists are as follows

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Trypanosoma use flagellum to move
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Peramecium have hair like structures called cilia
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Here is an Ameba with its pseudopods
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Five Kingdoms cont.
C. The Fungi Kingdom

• Many celled organisms

• Depend on others for
• food

a. Sprophytes- eat dead things
b. Parasites attack living tissues
3. Examples of
a. Yeasts
b. Mushrooms
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A picture of Bread Mold
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And here is a Mushroom
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Five Kingdoms cont.

• D. The Plant Kingdom

• 1. Many celled organism

• 2. They make their own food.

• a. Process called photosynthesis

• b. Examples

• Trees, flowers, and grass

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E. The Animal Kingdom
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The Animal Kingdom cont.
1. Many Celled Organisms
2. Consume other Organisms for food
3. The Subdivision of this Kingdom
a. Naming Organisms
b. Common names house cat

• Scientific Names Felis catus
• Genus Species

d. How are scientific names made?
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• 4. How Kingdoms are subdivided

Lets look at how we would scientifically name
the Columbine.
a. Phylum Tracheophyta
b. Class Angiospermae

• Order Dicotyledon

d. Family Ranunculaceae
e. Genus Aquilegia
f. Species cearulea
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1. Phylum Porifera The Sponges

• Sessile (permanently attached
• as adults.)

b. Pores
c. Two cell layers
d. Both marine and fresh water

• Respiration- Oxygen absorbed by
• inner cells.

• Digestion- Food absorbed by inner
• cell layer.

g. Circulation-

• Flagellum create a water
• current.

2. No Blood
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• Phylum Coelenterata
• Jellyfish and Coral

• They have tentacles.

b. They have stinging cells.

• Some are sessile/ some free-living

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• Phylum Coelenterata cont.
• Jellyfish and Coral cont.

d. Respiration Oxygen absorbed by inner cell
layer

• Digestion
• 1. Food absorbed by inner cell wall
• 2. Single opening mouth

• Circulation water current distributes
• gas/food

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3. Phylum Platyhelminthes The Flatworms
a. Parasites live off host

• They can regenerate if
• broken.

c.Respiration Oxygen absorbed through the skin
d. Digestion -
1. Nutrients absorbed into the skin
2. Single opening mouth
e. Circulation Nutrients/ gas circulated by host
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4. Phylum Nematoda - Roundworms
a. Many are parasites / some free - living
b. Respiration Oxygen absorbed through the skin
d. Digestion 1. Nutrients absorbed by
inner cell layer. 2. Complete system ( Two
Openings)
D. Circulation - Food / gas absorbed through
cells
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• Phylum Annelida -
• The Segmented Worm

• Segmented body

• Respiration Gas exchange through the
• skin.

• Digestion
• 1. Specialized organs
• 2. Complete System
• 3. Nutrients absorbed through inner
• cell layer.

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• Phylum Annelida - The Segmented Worm cont

d. Circulation Pairs of hearts circulate
blood
e. Example Earthworm - Nightcrawlers
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6. Phylum Mollusca The Mollusks
a. Mostly Shell-builders

• Mantle Fleshy covering
• that secretes the shell.

c. Well developed sense organs
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6. Phylum Mollusca The Mollusks
d. Respiration Gills for gas exchange
e. Digestion complete with specialized organs.
f. Circulation hearts for pumping blood.
g. Mostly aquatic

• Examples
• Octopus ,squid,
• Snails and clams

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7. Phylum - Arthropoda
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7. Phylum Arthropods
a. Exoskeleton (outside)

• Jointed legs

c. Segmented body

• Circulation open, hearts for pumps

e. Respiration -

• Vents and spiracles ( land arthropods)
• 2. Gills (aquatic arthropods)

f. Digestion complete with specialized organs
g. Five classes of arthropods
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g. Arthropods five classes cont.
1. Class Crustacea ( crabs, lobsters)
a. Mostly marine (salt water)

• Cephalothorax and abdomen
• (two body regions)

c. Five pair of legs
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g. Arthropods five classes cont.
2. Class Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites)
a. Many are poisonous
b. Two body regions
c. Four pairs of legs
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g. Arthropods five classes cont
3. Class Insecta ( grasshoppers, bees)
a. Many fly
b. Three body regions
c. Three pairs of legs
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g. Arthropods five classes cont
4. Class Chilopoda ( centipedes)
a. Many segments
b. One pair of legs per segment
c. Poisonous
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g. Arthropods five classes cont
5. Class Diplopoda ( millipedes)
a. Many segments
b. Two pairs of legs per segment
c. Not poisonous
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• Phylum Echinodermata
• starfish

A. Spiny skin
B. Radial design
C. Examples sea stars
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• Phylum Chordata
• ( vertebrates with spinal cords)

• Circulatory system

1. Closed (veins and arteries)
2. Multi chambered heart

• Digestive System
• Complete system with specialized organs

C. Respiratory System
1. Lungs on land
2. Gills in most cases in water
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Lets take a look at 7 classes of vertebrates
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Phylum Chordata cont.
1. Class Cyclostomata
a. Cold blooded
b. Cartilage skeleton
c. No true Jaws
d. Example The lamprey
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Phylum Chordata cont
2. Class Chondrichthyes
a. Cold blooded
b. Sharp teeth
c. Cartilage skeleton
d. Example sharks, rays, skates
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Phylum Chordata cont
3. Class Osteichthyes
1. Cold blooded
2. Bone skeleton
3. Two chambered heart
4. Scales
5. Example perch, bass
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Phylum Chordata cont
4. Class amphibia
a. Live in water and on land
b. Smooth moist skin ( exceptions toads)
c. Cold blooded
d. Breathe through gills as babies
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4. Class amphibia cont.
e. Breathe through lungs and skin as adults
f. Lay eggs in water
g. Three chambered heart
h. Metamorphisms (tadple to frog)
i. Examples newts, salamanders, frogs and toads
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Phylum Chordata
5. Class Reptilia
a. Cold blooded
b. scales
c. Lay eggs on land
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Phylum Chordata
5. Class Reptilia cont.
d. Incomplete four chambered heart
e. Breath with lungs from birth
f. Example snakes, lizards, turtles
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Phylum Chordata
6. Class Aves The birds
a. Warm blooded
b. Complete four chambered heart
c. Streamlined (aerodynamic) body
d. Feathers
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Phylum Chordata
6. Class Aves The birds cont.
e. Lay eggs on land
f. Light weight skeleton
g. Examples Eagles, Seagulls, Turkeys
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Phylum Chordata
7. Class Mammalia
a. Warm blooded
b. Hair

• Live birth (placentals)
• Placenta- nourishes baby while
  developing in mom

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Phylum Chordata
7. Class Mammalia cont.
d. Mammary glands

• produce milk
• - nurse young

e. Two pairs of limbs
f. High functioning brain and sense organs