Anatomical Concepts Related to Human Movement

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Anatomical Concepts Related to Human Movement
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Course Content

• Introduction to the Course
• Biomechanical Concepts Related to Human Movement
• Anatomical Concepts Related to Human Movement
• Applications in Human Movement
• Functional Anatomy of Selected Joint Complexes

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Anatomical Concepts Related to Human Movement

• The Skeletal System
• The Muscular System

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The Skeletal System
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Levels of Structural Organization
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Chemicals Cells

• Chemical
• Cell
• nucleus
• organelles
• cytosol
• cell membrane

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Tissues Organs

• Tissue
• epithelial
• muscle
• nerve
• connective

• Organ

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Organ Systems

• integumentary
• skeletal
• muscular
• nervous
• endocrine

• cardiovascular
• lymphatic
• respiratory
• digestive
• urinary
• reproductive

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Function of Musculoskeletal System

• General function is to cause or control movement,
  more specifically
• Support
• maintain upright posture
• Allow movement
• body transport
• manipulate objects
• Protect

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Overview of Musculoskeletal System

• Musculoskeletal system operates like a machine
• Skeletal system provides structure
• Muscular system provides force

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The Skeletal System

• General Structure Function
• Tissue Level Structure Function
• Organ Level Structure Function
• System Level Structure Function
• Injury to the Skeletal System

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The Skeletal System

• General Structure Function
• Tissue Level Structure Function
• Organ Level Structure Function
• System Level Structure Function
• Injury to the Skeletal System

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General Structure

• 206 bones
• gt200 joints
• 12-15 BW
• Connective tissue
• Structure varies

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• Axial Skeleton
• 80 bones
• head (29)
• thorax (51)
• Bones singular, paired, multiple

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• Appendicular Skeleton
• 126 bones
• upper (32)
• lower (31)
• girdles
• Bones multiple paired

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General Function

• Shape supporting framework for other systems
• Protection
• Storage production of minerals RBCs
• System of machines for transmission of forces

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The Skeletal System

• General Structure Function
• Tissue Level Structure Function
• Organ Level Structure Function
• System Level Structure Function
• Injury to the Skeletal System

What is the primary type of tissue found in the
skeletal system?
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Tissue Level of Skeletal System

• Properties of connective tissue
• Structure function of connective tissue
• Types of connective tissue

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Properties of Connective Tissue

• Strength
• Load w/o damage
• Stiffness
• Resistance to deformation
• Extensibility
• Ability to stretch deform
• Elasticity
• Ability to regain original shape after deformation

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Tissue Properties - strength
A
B
C
Load (N)
1 5 10 15 20
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Deformation (cm)
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Tissue Properties - stiffness
A
B
C
Load (N)
1 5 10 15 20
25
1 2 3 4 5
6 7
Deformation (cm)
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Tissue Properties - extensibility
A
B
C
Load (N)
1 5 10 15 20
25
1 2 3 4 5
6 7
Deformation (cm)
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Tissue Level of Skeletal System

• Properties of connective tissue
• Structure function of connective tissue
• Types of connective tissue

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General Function of Connective Tissue

• Mechanical support
• Bind cells together in tissues, organs, systems
• Support and hold organs in place
• Provide stability and shock absorption for joints
• Provide flexible links between bones
• Provide smooth articulating surfaces between
  bones
• Transmit muscle force
• Intercellular exchange

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blast produce matrix clast resorb
matrix cyte mature cell
Distinguishes CT from other tissues
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Elastin

• random arrangement
• extensible ?ultimate 200
• low tensile strength
• yellow fibers
• EX rubber band

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Collagen

• parallel (regular) arrangement
• ?ultimate 10
• high tensile strength
• white fibers
• EX shoelace

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Tissue Level of Skeletal System

• Properties of connective tissue
• Structure function of connective tissue
• Types of connective tissue

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• Bind cells
• Mechanical links
• Resist tensile loads

• Number type of cells
• Proportion of collagen, elastin, ground
  substance
• Arrangement of protein fibers

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Connective tissue

• Connective tissue is found everywhere in the
  body. It is the most abundant and widely
  distributed primary tissues of the body.
• There are four main classes of connective tissue
  and several subclasses.
• distinguished by its extracellular matrix.
• Connective tissue cells - the extracellular
  matrix results from the activity of specialized
  connective tissue cells in general, blast cells
  form the matrix, cyte cells maintain it, and
  clast cells break it down.

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Major Classes of Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue proper
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Blood

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The Matrix

• All other tissues are composed mainly of cells
• Connective tissue is largely nonliving
  extracellular matrix

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Protein fibers of the matrix

• Collagen fibers structurally resemble ropes.
• They are strong and flexible but resist
  stretching.

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Matrix

• Reticular fibers are fine collagen fibers that
  form a branching network that supports other
  cells and tissues.

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Matrix

• Elastin fibers have a structure similar to a
  spring.
• They can be stretched and then will return to
  their original shape when compressed.

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Other matrix molecules

• Hyaluronic acid makes fluids slippery.
• Proteoglycan aggregates trap water, giving
  tissues resiliency.

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Matrix with fibers as the primary feature

• Loose (aerolar) connective tissue has many
  different cell types and a random arrangement of
  protein fibers with space between the fibers.
• This tissue fills spaces around the organs and
  attaches the skin to underlying tissues.

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Matrix with fibers as the primary feature

• This tissue fills spaces around the organs and
  attaches the skin to underlying tissues.
• Areolar
• Adipose
• Reticular

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Matrix with fibers as the primary feature

• This tissue fills spaces around the organs and
  attaches the skin to underlying tissues.
• Areolar
• Adipose
• Reticular

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Matrix with fibers as the primary feature

• This tissue fills spaces around the organs and
  attaches the skin to underlying tissues.
• Areolar
• Adipose
• Reticular

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Matrix

• Dense regular connective tissue is composed of
  fibers arranged in one direction, providing
  strength in a direction parallel to the fiber
  orientation.
• Found in tendons and ligaments

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Matrix

• Dense irregular connective tissue has fibers
  organized in many directions, producing strength
  in different directions.
• Found in the dermis of skin and joint capsules

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Matrix with both protein fibers and ground
substance

• Cartilage has a relatively rigid matrix composed
  of protein fibers and protoglycean aggregates.
• Hyline cartilage
• Fibrocartilage
• Elastic cartilage

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Matrix

• Hyaline cartilage has evenly dispersed collagen
  fibers that provide rigidity with some
  flexibility.
• Examples include the costal cartilage, the
  covering over the ends of bones in joints, the
  growing portion of long bones, and the embryonic
  skeleton.

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Matrix

• Fibrocartilage has collagen fibers arranged in
  thick bundles, can withstand great pressure, and
  is found between vertebrae, in the jaw, and in
  the knee.

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Matrix

• Elastic cartilage is similar to hyaline
  cartilage, but has elastin fibers.
• It is more flexible than hyaline cartilage.
• It is found in the external ear.

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Matrix

• Bone cells, or osteocytes, are located in lacunae
  that are surrounded by a mineralized matrix that
  makes bones very hard.
• Cancellous bone has spaces between bony
  trabeculae, and compact bone is more solid.

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Predominantly Fluid matrix -

• blood cells are suspended in a fluid matrix.

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Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue

• Structure
• Elastin collagen in large GS
• Moderate strength elasticity
• Function
• Binds cells into tissues and tissues into organs
• Provides supporting framework for nerves, blood
  vessels, and lymph vessels

1) Loose
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Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue
2) Adipose

• Structure
• Random network of collagen elastin with little
  GS
• Moderate elasticity strength
• Function
• Padding around organs and joints
• Continuous layer beneath skin for insulation

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Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue

• Structure
• Few elastin fibers little GS
• Resists stretch in any direction
• Function
• Forms epimysium, epineurium, perichondrium,
  periosteum, capsule around kidneys, liver,
  spleen

3) Irregular Collagenous
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Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue

• Structure
• Few collagen fibers moderate GS
• Stretches in many directions
• Moderate strength
• Function
• Forms walls of arteries, larger arterioles,
  trachea, bronchial tubes

4) Irregular Elastic
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Regular Ordinary Connective Tissue

• 1) Regular elastic
• Elastin fiber bundles arranged parallel
• Moderate strength and extensibility in single
  direction
• Elastic ligaments of the spine
• Ligamentum flavum, ligamentum nuchae

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Regular Ordinary Connective Tissue

• Collagen fiber bundles arranged parallel
• Strong inextensible
• Tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments, joint capsules,
  retinacula

2) Regular Collagenous
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Other Terminology

• Fibrous tissue
• Elastic tissue

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Special Types of Connective Tissue

• Cartilage
• Bone

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Cartilage Tissue

• General Structure
• Highly specialized GS (proteoglycans H20 gel)
• General Mechanical Properties
• Anisotropic
• Strong resists all load conditions
• Moderate stiffness
• Good extensibility elasticity
• Types of Cartilage Tissue
• Hyaline (articular) ? joints, costal cartilage,
  trachea, bronchial tubes, larynx, external nose
• Fibrocartilage ? articular discs, labrum, lining
  of grooves
• Elastic ? larynx, ear lobe, eustachian tube

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Bone Tissue

• General Structure
• Collagen in hard, solid GS (bone salt)
• General Mechanical Properties
• Anisotropic
• Strongest stiffest
• Little elasticity extensibility
• Types of Bone Tissue
• Compact (cortical) bone ? more dense
• Trabecular (cancellous, spongy) bone

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Summary

• The skeletal system forms one part of the
  musculoskeletal machine which makes movement of
  the human body possible.
• To best understand human movement, the skeletal
  system should be studied at the cellular, tissue,
  organ, organ system, and organism level.
• We have examined the tissue level of the skeletal
  system and better understand how the tissue level
  contributes to the overall function of the
  organism with regard to human movement.

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Summary

• Connective tissue is the primary tissue of the
  skeletal system. It is the strongest and most
  elastic tissue in the body, which makes it most
  suitable for the functions performed by the
  skeletal system.
• There are 8 types of connective tissue in the
  human body.
• The unique function of the various types of
  connective tissue is determined by the structure
  of the tissue.

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The Skeletal System

• General Structure Function
• Tissue Level Structure Function
• Organ Level Structure Function
• System Level Structure Function
• Injury to the Skeletal System

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Organ Level

• Types of Bones
• Structure of Long Bone
• Growth Development of Bone

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Types of Bones

• Short bones
• Long bones
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones
• Sesamoid bones

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Sesamoid Bones
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Organ Level

• Types of Bones
• Structure of Long Bone
• Growth Development of Bone

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Organ Level

• Types of Bones
• Structure of Long Bone
• Growth Development of Bone

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Growth Development of Bone

• Bone growth
• Bone development
• Typical adult bone development
• Modeling Remodeling
• Bone Hypertrophy
• Bone Atrophy

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Bone Growth

• Longitudinal Growth
• Epiphyses or epiphyseal plates
• Stops at 18 yrs
• Circumferential Growth
• Diameter increases throughout lifespan
• Most rapid growth before adulthood

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Bone Development

• Typical adult bone development
• Balance between osteoblast and osteoclast
  activity
• Aging
• ? BD in 20s
• Women
• Peak BMC 25-28 yrs.
• ? 0.5-1.0 per yr after 50yr or menopause
• ? 6.5 per yr post-menopause 1st 5-8 yr

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Bone Response to Stress

• Wolfs Law
• Indicates that bone strength increases and
  decreases as the functional forces on the bone
  increase and decrease.
• Bone Modeling
• If strain gt threshold, ? bone mass density
• Bone Remodeling
• If strain lt threshold, ? bone mass density near
  marrow

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Bone Hypertrophy Atrophy

• Bone mass changes due to osteoblast osteoclast
  activity
• Factors
• Weight (excessive thinness, weight loss)
• Physical activity (localized strain effects)
• LBM
• Muscle strength
• Physical inactivity
• Tobacco smoking
• Estrogen, calcium, vitamin D deficiencies
• Excess protein caffeine consumption
• Atrophy observed in bed-ridden patients,
  sedentary elderly, and astronauts

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Osteoporosis

• A disorder involving decreased bone mass and
  strength with one or more resulting fractures.
• Osteopenia
• 1/2 fx in women 1/3 fx in men.

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Osteoporosis

• Type I Osteoporosis Post-menopausal
  Osteoporosis
• 40 of women gt 50
• Type II Osteoporosis Age-Associated
  Osteoporosis
• Affects most women and men over 70

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Female Athlete Triad

• Eating disorders
• 1-10 of adolescent and college-age women
• 62 female athletes
• Amenorrhea
• Osteoporosis

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Summary

• Bones are the organs that provide the structural
  framework of the body.
• Their function and risk for injury depends on
  their structure and on the modeling and
  remodeling processes that occur continuously
  throughout life.
• Regular physical activity is one of the most
  important influences on bone health and normal
  function.