How does cellular respiration work? What Cleans up a cell

1
The Cell
By Alex Vo
and Adnan Abbuthalha
2
Whats a cell?

• All living things are broken down into tiny
  little dots called cells. These dots are so
  small you cant even see them.
• Yet, they are the what you need to survive on
  Earth.
• Cells hold all of your biological needs in order
  to keep you a living thing.
• If you dont have them, then you might as well
  disappear into thin air.

3
What does it do?

• The purpose of cell is to create life and
  maintain it.
• Each cell has a different function that helps our
  body develop healthily.
• These tiny things make up our whole entire body
  from scratch and makes us into a walking, running
  thinking machine (not really).

4
The Diversity of Cells
Bacteria Cells make up the bread and mushrooms
you eat

• Cells come in all sorts and sizes. They perform
  many types of jobs in order to keep YOU alive.

Muscle Cell produces energy so that you can
run and have fun
Red Blood Cell carry blood through your body
White Blood Cell fight bad bacteria that can get
you sick.
5
Organization of a Cell

• Most cells are classified as a prokaryotic cell
  or a eukaryotic cell.

6
Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells

• A prokaryotic cell is different from a eukaryotic
  cell because of the fact that it has no nucleus.
  Its like a dumb cell with no brain. But,
  besides the nucleus, everything else is the same
  as a eukaryotic cell..

7
Plant or Animal Cells?

• For a prokaryotic cell, theres always going to
  be a cell wall, yet for a eukaryotic cell, its
  different.
• Eukaryotic cells are divided into plants and
  animal cells. The difference is the fact that
  plant cells have a cell wall and an animal cell
  does not.
• And obviously plant cells make up plants and
  animal cells make animals and humans.

8
The Cell Structure
Mitochondria
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lysosome
Cell membrane
Centriole
Cytoskeleton
Microtubule
Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus
Microfilaments
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plastids
Please click on a button in the picture ONLY IN
THE PICTURE OR ELSE YOULL MESS THINGS UP
Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
Works Cited
Cell Wall
9
What energizes cells?

• The Mitochondria
• They are the batteries of a cell and keeps it
  constantly running. ( think energizer bunny)
• 1-1000 mitochondria can exist in a cell depending
  on how hard its job is
• Its job is to gathers energy, kind of like your
  stomach, which takes in nutrients, breaks them
  down, and change them into energy that the cell
  can use (ATP).
• The way this all occurs is Cellular Respiration.

10
How does cellular respiration work?

• Cellular respiration is the way that food is
  broken down into ATP (energy) with oxygen.

11
How does cellular respiration work?
Thats the glucose
First, the glucose( sugar from the food that you
ate) is brought through the outer membrane into
the inner membrane
12
How does cellular respiration work?
Next, it enters the matrix where its like a
river full of water and enzyme( proteins that
causes chemical reactions). From there, oxygen
from the water is added and at the same time the
enzymes are beginning to mix the glucose and
oxygen together. This whole process is called
Krebs Cycle( because it was found by some guy
named Hans Krebs)
13
How does cellular respiration work?
ATP

Finally, it ends its journey at the end and exit
the inner membrane and after that, the outer
membrane. This time its not just any type of
energy. Its ATP!
14
What Cleans up a cell?

• A lysosome is another worker in the cell that has
  many enzymes which helps digest nutrients and
  other materials.
• It can digest things like lipids, carbs, and
  proteins which mostly come from the food that you
  eat.
• A lysosome also helps in removing debris and dead
  materials in a cell, kind of like a vacuum.
• This all occurs with autophagy.

15
Whats autophagy

• Here are the steps
• First a membrane from the endoplasmic reticulum
  surrounds the unwanted material isolating it from
  the outside which prevents decomposing from
  spreading and infection. Its like a gas chamber
  which keeps everything in.
• Then, the lysosome comes in and attaches itself
  to the membrane. It forms a passage from itself
  to the organelle( big word for something in a
  cell). This passage is called an autophagic
  vacuole.
• Finally the lysosome sends its deadly enzymes
  through the autophagic vacuole and destroys the
  organelle.

16
Cell Wall

• A cell wall in only found in prokaryotic cells
  and eukaryotic plant cells
• Its made of strong fibers, made from
  carbohydrates (carbs.) and proteins, and woven
  together to be called cellulose
• The purpose of a cell wall is to protect the cell
  from injuries and intruding materials that can
  harm the cell.

17
Ribosomes

• Ribosomes are found on the rough endoplasmic
  reticulum and are floating in the cytoplasm.
• Proteins are made here with special coded
  instructions from the nucleus, which makes all of
  them unique.

18
How do ribosomes make protein?

• To make proteins, the two parts of a ribosome
  must connect with RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) from the
  nucleus. The RNA are lined with amino acids.
• These amino acids get stripped off with the
  instructions from the RNA.
• From there the proteins are created with the
  given info from the RNA.
• Its basically like a protein factory and the
  RNAs are the messangers from the nucleus.

19
Cell/Plasma membrane

• The cell membrane is the thin, double layer of
  lipids( oils and fats from things that you ate)
  surrounding a cell.
• A cell membrane protects and helps support a cell
  while also allowing interaction with the outside.

20
Passage through the Cell Membrane

• The cell membrane allows sodium, potassium,
  calcium, and a few other things to enter and exit
  the cell.
• One method of passing through the cell membrane
  is active transport. In this, particles move from
  areas of low concentration to areas of high
  concentration. Active transportation does require
  energy.
• Another way to put it is like moving from a less
  crowded room to a more crowded room.

21
Diffusion and Osmosis

• Another method of transportation is called
  diffusion. In diffusion, molecules move from
  areas of high concentration to areas of low
  concentration. This makes sense since particles
  in general usually move to where there is more
  space.
• The diffusion of water is given the special term
  osmosis.
• Its like moving from a crowded area to an area
  that isnt densely populated.

22
Vacuoles
These are some cholesterol vacuoles. The central
is the cholesterol. The green material
surrounding it is the vacuole.

• Its a single membrane surrounding the liquid or
  solid object
• Theres nothing special about a vacuole, its
  just a sac that can hold many different types of
  materials.
• There are many types of vacuoles in a cell.
• In a plant cell, theres a central vacuole thats
  used to store water, which is important for the
  plant to survive.

23
The Importance of a Central Vacuole in a Plant
Cell

• The central vacuoles stores salts, minerals,
  nutrients, proteins, and pigments (material that
  gives plants its certain colors).
• All of these things in the vacuole are important
  especially the water, to the plant cell because
  its basically what keeps it from dying.

24
Centrioles

• Cells do not give birth or reproduce, instead
  they divide in a way called mitosis.
• Centrioles are things that help the cell to split
  up, kind of like forming a clone.
• These cell parts are found in pairs and
  perpendicular, which means they form a 90 degrees
  angle.
• Theyre surrounded by groups of three
  microtubules.
• Centrioles are mostly found in animal cells and
  not that often in plant cells.

25
What Do Centrioles Do in Mitosis?

• First, the pair of cetrioles make a copy of
  itself, so theres 4 now.
• As the cells begin to split, each pair runs to
  the opposite ends of the cells.
• Their microtubules shoot out and connect to each
  other forming a watermelon shape.
• This formation will allow the chromosomes to
  divide into two groups evenly and be able to put
  them into orders once the cell splits.

26
Plastids

• Plastids are only found in plant cells or other
  things that use photosynthesis (the way of
  gaining energy with the sun)
• Theyre found in the all around the cytoplasm(
  jelly like material surrounding a plant cell,
  after the cell wall).
• A plastids job is to store molecules, which can
  vary depending on the type of plastid .
• There are many types of plastids in a plant cell.
• 3 types of plastids are chloroplast, chromoplast,
  and leucoplast.

27
Chloroplasts

• Plants make their own food with these.
• Chloroplasts are the areas where sunlight is
  gathered and turned into sugar for the plant to
  use. The process has to do with photosynthesis.
• The stroma is the area where chemical reactions
  take place and sugar is created.
• The thylakoid holds chlorophylls that gather the
  suns energy before being changed into sugar.
• One thylakoid stack is called a granum.
• The stroma lamellae is like the skeleton of
  chloroplasts that keeps it all together.

28
Photosynthesis in the Chloroplasts

• First, the plant shouldve already absorbed water
  and carbon dioxide from the air around it.
• Next,the chlorophylls in thylakoids absorb in the
  suns energy and sends that energy to the stroma.
  
• The stroma begins the mixing of water and carbon
  dioxide.
• Finally glucose ( sugar) is formed.
• Oxygen is also created. Thats why people think
  its bad cutting down trees, because its
  lowering the amount of oxygen in the air.
• Its the opposite of how the mitochiondria works
  since the mitochondria breaks down food to create
  gluclose and chloroplasts build up to make
  glucose.

29
Chromoplast

• Its another plastid that holds a plants pigments
  (material that makes a plants color, mostly
  leaves).
• It hold many pigments, yet does not hold any
  chlorophylls.
• Colors are mostly red, yellow, and orange.
• Color will vary depending on how much sun is able
  to be taken in.
• The amount of sunlight depends on the seasons of
  the year, or how far the planted area is from the
  sun.

30
Leucoplast

• Leucoplasts are non-pigmented plastids that are
  used in plants for storage
• There are three types
• Amyloplasts - colorless plant organelle related
  to starch production storage          
• Aleuroplasts - colorless plant organelle related
  to protein production storage          
• Elaioplasts - colorless plant organelle related
  to oil lipid production storage

Amyloplasts
Ealioplasts
Aleuroplasts
31
The Nucleus

• The nucleus is pretty much the HQ of the cell. It
  controls cell processes by controlling the
  proteins made. The instructions for making every
  protein in the cell is found in DNA
  (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
• RNA (Ribonucleic acid) is another nucleic acid
  that is connected with cell processes.

32
The Nuclear Envelope

• The nucleus envelope is the membrane that
  surrounds the nucleus.
• The small openings allow materials, like RNA and
  proteins, to pass through the nuclear membrane.

33
The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Its several connected membranes
• The Rough ER makes proteins that are used in the
  cell membrane and also outside the cell membrane
• It is called rough because of the ribosomes
  that are on its surface. These ribsomes send
  amino acid chains to the rough ER.
• After the rough ER finishes making the proteins,
  it sends the proteins to the Golgi apparatus or
  cell membrane in vesicles, or tiny bubble
  transporters

34
The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Its several connected membranes
• The smooth ER has a more tubular structure than
  the rough ER.
• The job of the smooth ER is to make and store
  lipids (ex.-steroids), and fatty acids.

35
The Golgi Apparatus

• The Golgi apparatus is a stack of membranes that
  get proteins from the ER and change them.
• The Golgi Apparatus changes simple molecules into
  more complex ones and also alters proteins.
• It also assures that proteins dont have flaws or
  unneeded materials.

36
The Job of A Golgi Apparatus.

• Another task of the Golgi apparatus is to make
  lysosomes (small enzymye-filled organelles that
  break down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins)
• In plants, the Golgi apparatus can make complex
  sugars.
• After the molecules inside the Golgi apparatus
  are ready for shipping, a vesicle is formed and
  sent out of the cell through the cell membrane.

37
Cytoskeleton

• Some cells have a cytoskeleton that helps the
  cell keep its shape.
• The cytoskeleton also helps with cell movement.
• The two essential structures in a cytoskeleton
  are microfilaments and microtubules.

38
More of the Cytoskeleton

• The cytoskeleton is connected to every part of
  the cell membrane and every organelle.
• Motor proteins that attach to organelles move
  them along microfilaments and microtubules almost
  like a train carrying cargo over tracks.

39
Microfilaments

• Microfilaments are composed of a long, thin
  protein called actin.
• In muscle cells, actin and myosin (which are
  called actomysoin when together), help contract
  and relax the muscle cell (which in turn helps
  muscles to relax or contract)
• The pushing and pulling of microfilaments in the
  cell membrane help the cell move.

40
Microtubules

• Microtubules are thick, round, proteins called
  tubulin.
• They are important in cell division by attaching
  to chromosomes and helping them split.
• Microtubules can combine to form flagella (which
  aid in cell movement) and cilia (which help
  single-celled organisms move around)
• They both help the cell move quickly in water.

41
Works Cited

• micro.magnet.fsu.edu/ cells/plants/cellwall.html
• biology.unm.edu/.../ Summaries/Cell.html
• micro.magnet.fsu.edu/.../ mitochondria.html
• www.msad54.k12.me.us/.../ Energy/Mitochondria.htm
• micro.magnet.fsu.edu/ cells/plantcell.html
• www.umanitoba.ca/.../ lab3/biolab3_2.html
• micro.magnet.fsu.edu/.../ animalmodel.html
• www.alumni.ca/mcgo4s0/ t1/cellsfinalfinal.html
• www.Hybridmedicalanimation.com
• http//www.ebi.ac.uk/microarray/biology_intro_file
  s/cell.jpe
• http//www.arvanitakis.com/en/bio/bacteria_structu
  re.htm
• http//www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/
  BioBooktransp.html
• http//sun.menloschool.org/cweaver/cells/c/cell_m
  embrane/
• http//www.uga.edu/caur/nucleus.jpg
• http//www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/snowbi
  rd/snowbird/life_cell.htm
• http//trc.ucdavis.edu/mjguinan/apc100/modules/Ter
  msCellsTissues/structures/images/ER.jpg
• http//www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/181summer/graph
  ics/graphics20lect5/Life7e-Fig-04-11-020endoplas
  mic20reticulum.jpg
• http//schoolweb.missouri.edu/ashland.k12.mo.us/km
  /03page2/smooth.jpg
• http//www.roche.com/pages/downloads/photosel/0411
  23cd/Photo-Selection-Images/12.jpg

42
Work Cited

• webnt.calhoun.edu/.../ Euk_and_Pro.htm
• www.ou.edu/class/ pheidole/bacteria.html
• www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ Eneide/SEMVJZRMD6E_1.html
• www.mediscan.co.uk/ cfm/resultssearch.cfm?acti...
• http//www.ebi.ac.uk/microarray/biology_intro_file
  s/cell.jpe
• http//www.arvanitakis.com/en/bio/bacteria_structu
  re.htm
• http//www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/
  BioBooktransp.html
• http//sun.menloschool.org/cweaver/cells/c/cell_m
  embrane/
• http//www.uga.edu/caur/nucleus.jpg
• http//www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/snowbi
  rd/snowbird/life_cell.htm
• http//trc.ucdavis.edu/mjguinan/apc100/modules/Ter
  msCellsTissues/structures/images/ER.jpg
• http//www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/181summer/graph
  ics/graphics20lect5/Life7e-Fig-04-11-020endoplas
  mic20reticulum.jpg
• micro.magnet.fsu.edu/ cells/plants/vacuole.html
• fig.cox.miami.edu/.../ 150/cells/organelle.htm
• www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/.../ vacuole.htm
• nyecellshop.tripod.com/ id2.html
• www.cartage.org.lb/.../ Centrioles/Centrioles.htm
• www.mc.edu/campus/ users/rbuckley/carly.htm
• www.mit.edu8001/.../ other/esgbio/www/cb/org/

43
Works Cited

• http//www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_main.html
•  http//www.biology-online.org/9/2_cell_structure.
  htm
•  http//www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm
•  http//www.elmhurst.edu/chm/vchembook/591cellstr
  uct.html
•  http//www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/bio
  coach/cells/common.html
•  http//www.sirinet.net/jgjohnso/cell.html
•  http//training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/un
  it2_1_cell_functions_1.html
•  http//www.trentu.ca/academic/biology/101/2.html
•  http//www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cel
  ls/cells.htm
•  http//www.uky.edu/rebeat1/cell.html
•  http//vilenski.org/science/safari/classifyall/eu
  karyotic.html
•  http//www.visionlearning.com/library/module_view
  er.php?mid64lc3
•  http//web.jjay.cuny.edu/acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
  
• micro.magnet.fsu.edu/. ../lysosomes.html
• www.jdaross.mcmail.com/ lysosome.htm
• www.cartage.org.lb/.../ Ribosomes/Ribosomes.htm
• library.thinkquest.org/ C004535/cell_wall.html

44
All of our materials were rewritten into our own
words.