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SCORPIONS

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Title: SCORPIONS


1
SCORPIONS
2
HISTORY
  • Oldest known terrestrial arthropods dating back
    430 million years
  • Believed to have had an oceanic origin with gills
    and claw like appendage enabling them to climb on
    rocky shores and seaweed
  • Scorpions have been found in many fossil records
    including coal deposits

3
DESCRIPTION
  • Scorpions are eight legged venomous invertebrates
    belonging to the arachnid
  • Related to spiders, mites, and ticks
  • Long slender body with a five segmented tail that
    can be arched over the back
  • The tail ends in a bulb like poison gland or
    stinger

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  • Scorpions have two eyes on top of the head
  • Two to five pairs of eyes along the front corner
    of the head
  • Scorpions dont see well and must rely on their
    pectines for sense of touch to find prey and for
    navigation.
  • They have a well developed sense of hearing
  • Scorpions range in size from ½ inch to 7 ½ in
    length
  • Usually tan with flat bodies that enable them to
    hide in small cracks, under rocks and in bark

6
BIOLOGY
  • Scorpions are nocturnal hiding during the day and
    becoming active at night
  • Some species live 20 -25 years with the average
    life span of 3 to 8 years
  • Scorpion mating takes 24- 36 hours
  • Gestation is 5 months to 1 year
  • Scorpions give birth live with scorpions
    transported on their mothers back

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  • Average litter is 13 to 47
  • Scorpions fluoresce under an ultraviolet light
  • Scorpions have adapted to desert living with
    extra layers of fats on their exoskeleton that
    minimizes water loss.
  • Scorpions do drink water but they derive most of
    their water from food
  • Scorpions have been known to survive 4 to 5
    months without food
  • Scorpions are most active at nighttime
    temperatures are above 70 degrees.
  • Less active during winter and the hottest part of
    the summer during daylight hours

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RANGE AND HABITAT
  • Thought to be desert animals
  • Found also in grasslands and savannahs
  • Deciduous forests
  • Rain forests, pine forests and caves
  • Scorpions even found under snow covered rock over
    12,000 feet in the Himalayas of Asia
  • Scorpions often found under rocks, under boards
    and in debris

11
  • Distinctly associated with dead vegetation,
    falling logs and in human dwellings i.e. my
    house!
  • The burrow under rocks and climb trees and walls
    often found in the attics and crawl spaces of
    homes and move into the cooler spaces of homes
    during hot weather, ie bathrooms, kitchens,
    washrooms where water is present

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SCORPION STINGS
  • Scorpion stings can be painful and deadly
    depending on the species
  • 1500 species worldwide but only 20-25 are
    considered dangerous
  • 90 species of scorpions identified in the United
    States and Texas has 18 species, most common
    occurring is the striped bark scorpion
  • Stings from poisonous scorpions can cause
    paralysis, convulsions, cardiac irregularities,
    breathing difficulties and death.

14
  • Antivenom is available where poisonous scorpions
    live, i.e. Arizona, Mexico, New Mexico
  • Most dangerous scorpions live in North Africa,
    Middle East, South America, India, and Mexico
  • Mortality rates about 4 with children and
    elderly being the most susceptible
  • Death by scorpion, if it occurs is the result of
    heart or respiratory failure
  • During the 1980s in Mexico there were 800
    scorpion deaths, now none reported due to
    antivenom

15
SCORPION VENOM
  • The venom is used for both prey capture , defense
    and possibly to subdue mates
  • All scorpions do possess venom and can sting but
    their natural tendency is to hide and escape
  • Scorpions can control the venom flow so some
    sting incidents are venom less or only mild
    envenomations
  • Scorpion venoms are a complex mixture of
    neurotoxins that affect the victims nervous
    system.
  • The venom of a bark scorpion may produce severe
    pain, rarely swelling, at the site of the sting

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  • Numbness, frothing at the mouth, difficulties in
    breathing including respiratory paralysis, muscle
    twitching and convulsions
  • Stings by the Centruroides species in Arizona and
    New Mexico may be fatal. The sing is often very
    painful and gives rise to immediate distress
    including
  • Numbness around the wound
  • Weakness or even paralysis of the injured part
  • Hyperactivity ad anxiety

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  • Profuse salivation, dizziness
  • Difficulty in speaking and swallowing
  • Respiratory distress and in some cases
    convulsions
  • Stings by most scorpions are not likely to be
    serious and usually result in localized pain and
    paresthesia, some swelling and tenderness,
    localized ecchymosis and formation of vesicles

18
TREATMENT
  • Ice immediately
  • White vinegar treatment
  • Apply a topical or local anesthetic to the wound
    to decrease paresthesia
  • Administer local wound care and topical
    antibiotic to the wound
  • Administer tetanus prophylaxis
  • Administer systemic antibiotics if signs of
    secondary infection occur
  • Administer muscle relaxants for severe muscle
    spasms( ie benzodiazepines )
  • Keep the extremity lower than heart level

19
COMPLICATIONS OF SCORPION BITES
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy
  • Ankylosis of small joints if the sting occurs at
    the joint
  • Rhabdomyolysis
  • Persistent paresthesia
  • Antivenon anaphylaxis and serum sickness
  • Iatrogenic, high does, sedative-hypnotic
    respiratory arrest
  • Tachypnea
  • Pulmonary edema with hemoptysis and a normal size
    heart is observed in 7-32 of cases
  • Respiratory failure cecondary to diaphragm
    paralysis

20
Allergic Symptoms
  • Utacaria
  • Angioedema
  • Broncospasm
  • Anaphylaxis

21
Gastrointestinal signs
  • Excessive salivation
  • Dysphagia
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Gastric hyperdistention

22
Genitourinary Signs
  • Decreased renal plasma flow
  • Acute tubular necrosis
  • Rhabdomyloysis renal failure
  • Priapism secondary to cholinergic stimulation

23
Cranial Nerve signs
  • Classic rotary eye movement, ptosis, nystagmus
    and blurred vision
  • Mydriasis
  • Tongue fasciculations
  • Dysphagia,dyarthria, stridor
  • Excessive salivation and drooling

24
Nonneurologic systemic signs
  • Hypertension
  • Tachycardia greater than 130 beats per minute
  • Transient apical pansystolic murmur consistent
    with papillary muscle damage
  • Cardiovascular collapse secondary to profuse loss
    from sweating, vomiting, diarrhea and
    hypersalivation

25
PREVENTION OF SCORPION BITES
  • Check shoes, gloves, clothing, and backpacks for
    scorpions prior to use
  • Keep yards free of debris which can serve as a
    place for scorpions to hide
  • Make sure windows and doors fit tightly to
    prevent scorpions from entering house
  • Avoid walking barefoot especially at night when
    scorpions are active
  • Never thrust hand or kick your foot where the eye
    cannot see
  • Brush dont swat anything off your body during
    the night
  • Never bring firewood directly into house unless
    it goes right on the fire

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PROGNOSIS
  • The prognosis depends on which species of
    scorpion stung the patient
  • The symptoms generally persist for 10-48 hours.
    If the victim survives the first few hours
    without severe symptoms the prognosis is usually
    good.
  • Worst prognosis can be expected with the presence
    of systemic symptoms such as cardiovascular
    symptoms, seizures, or coma.

27
FIRE ANTS a.k.a THE ANTS FROM HELL
  • Indigenous to central Brazil has found its way to
    this country through the shipping ports of Mobile
    Alabama and has moved upward through southeast
    United States and Texas
  • An estimated one million people are bitten each
    year by fire ants
  • Damage by fire ants in rural Texas is estimated
    at 236.5 million a year up to 1 billion
  • Damage is caused by loss of crops, wildlife,
    electrical equipment destruction not to mention
    the hazards to humans

28
MOUNDS
  • Most single queen mounds number up to 100/acre
    with 80,000 to 250,000 individuals per colony
  • Typical mounds are rounded being up to 18 high
    and 24 in diameter
  • Each has several tunnels just under the soil
    extending out several feet

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THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF EGGS
  • unfertilized eggs- become males with wings whose
    only function is to mate with the queen
  • fertilized eggs- become females which are either
  • Winged virgin queens or various castes of sterile
    workers

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  • Fire ants are a member of the mile high club
    mating in the air
  • After mating the male dies and the female loses
    her wings and begins searching for a suitable
    nesting site
  • A queen can live up to six years and is capable
    of producing her own weight in eggs each day or
    about 1500 or more

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  • Developmental time from egg to worker ranges up
    to 38 days
  • Minor workers live 60 days, intermediates to 90
    days and majors up to 180 days or longer
  • Younger workers are assigned the job of caring
    for the developing brood, middle aged workers
    maintain and protect the colony and the eldest
    forage for food

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HABITS
  • Fire ants are typically ground nesting ants
  • They also nest in the wood or masonry of
    buildings, near soil or warm places such as
    fireplaces and also near kitchens
  • Fire ants are attracted to electrical junction
    boxes of traffic signals, air conditioners.
  • When they mass around electrical contact points
    they cause equipment to malfunction.

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  • They also nest in gas and water meter boxes and
    follow pipes into buildings
  • Fire ants gnaw into the roots, stems, buds and
    fruits of plants such as cabbage, okra, peas and
    seriously injure young trees by removing the
    outer bark from roots or trunks
  • They prefer a food high in protein content but
    will feed on almost anything, plant or animal

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  • Fire ants have been known to remove insulation
    from phone and electrical wires and to gnaw on
    clothing, especially if soiled
  • They are a menace to wild animals and to the eggs
    and young of ground nesting birds and farm animals

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DESCRIPTION
  • Fire ants look very much like ordinary house or
    garden ant
  • Fire ants are small, coppery brown in color to
    red
  • They come in a variety of sizes within one nest
    ranging from 2 mm to 6 mm, a distinguishing
    feature
  • Have nests with no obvious entry or exit hole on
    top of them
  • They are EXTREMELY AGGRESSIVE , particularly near
    their nest

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ENVENOMATION
  • A fire ant has a stinger and a poison sac
  • When biting a fire ant first pinches up the skin
    with its mandibles, raising it slightly , this in
    itself causes pain
  • The ant then arches its back and inserts its
    stinger, maintaining its position for 20-25
    seconds.
  • The ant then uses its head as a pivot and rotates
    and inserts the stinger in 2 and 3 additional
    places causing a clustering of sting sights.
  • After two minutes a bright red hemorrhagic
    puncture may be seen at the point where the
    mandibles entered

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  • Within several minutes a wheal 4 to 8 mm in
    diameter appears and by that time the stinging
    sensation subsides
  • Within 24 hours a pustule 2 to 3 mm in diameter
    appears
  • The blisters formed at the site of each sting are
    very itchy while healing and are prone to
    infection if broken
  • In 3 to 8 days the purulent material is absorbed
    or sloughed off and leaves a smooth pink are 2 to
    3 mm in diameter persisting for several weeks
  • A scar tissue eventually develops

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  • The venom of stinging ants is typically
    proteinaceous but the venom of a fire ant is
    found to contain an alkaloid
  • The venom is a potent necrotoxin and has
    pronounced hemolytic, phytotoxic, insectididal
    and antibiotic activities
  • Some people are sensitive to the venom and
    experience anaphylaxis requiring emergency
    treatment

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ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS TO FIRE ANTS INCLUDE
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea
  • Sweating
  • Low blood pressure
  • Headache
  • Shortness of breath
  • SHOCK
  • COMA, DEATH

51
TREATMENT
  • ICE
  • Solution of half bleach half water can reduce
    pain, itching and pustule formation if applied
    immediately
  • Baking soda and water
  • An antihistamine or topical corticosteroid may
    reduce the itching
  • Aloe vera also helps reduce the itching
  • Antibiotics for infection
  • Tetnus
  • Epi pen
  • Benadryl

52
MOST AT RISK PATIENTS
  • Very young children
  • Elderly
  • People allergic to the venom

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CONTROLLING FIRE ANTS
  • Broadcasting chemicals across the lawn and on the
    mound takes 6-8 weeks
  • Phorid flies controls by laying eggs in fire ants
    that grow and decapitates the fire ant
  • Armadillos

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BROWN RECLUSE SPIDER
  • ONLY ONE OF TWO COMMON SPIDER GROUPS IN THE
    UNITED STATES CONSIDERED POISONOUS
  • IDENTIFIED BY LONG THIN LEGS
  • OVAL SHAPED ABDOMEN, LIGHT TAN TO DARK BROWN
  • CHARACTERISTIC VIOLIN SHAPED MARKING ON ITS BACK
    KNOWN AS FIDDLEBACK SPIDERS
  • SHY AND NON AGGRESSIVE IN NATURE

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  • BROWN RECLUSE HAVE SIX SETS OF EYES UNLIKE MOST
    SPIDERS THAT HAVE EIGHT EYES
  • THE TAIL END HAS NO MARKINGS
  • RANGE IN SIZE FROM 3/8 INCH TO ½ IN WITH THE MALE
    SMALLER THAN THE FEMALE
  • BROWN RECLUSE BUILD IRREGULAR WEBS THAT
    FREQUENTLY INCLUDE A SHELTER OF DISORDERLY THREADS

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HABITS
  • FOUND THROUGHOUT THE SOUTHCENTRAL AND MIDWESTERN
    PART OF THE UNITED STATES
  • NOCTURAL COMING OUT ONLY AT NIGHT TO HUNT INSECT
    PREY EITHER ALIVE OR DEAD
  • THEY DO NOT EMPLOY A WEB TO CAPTURE FOOD

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  • BROWN RECLUSE CAN LIVE UP TO TWO TO FOUR YEARS
  • THEY CAN OFTEN SURVIVE MONTHS WITHOUT FOOD OR
    WATER
  • A TYPICAL HOME CAN HOUSE ONE TO A FEW SPIDERS TO
    A COUPLE OF HUNDRED SPIDERS
  • ALL BROWN RECLUSE, FEMALES, MALES AND BABIES
    CARRY VENOM

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THE BROWN RECLUSE BITE
  • THE BROWN RECLUSE IS NOT AGGRESSIVE AND USUALLY
    BITES ONLY WHEN PRESSED AGAINST HUMAN SKIN
  • TYPICAL SCENARIOS INCLUDE
  • WHEN PEOPLE PUT ON CLOTHING THAT WAS LEFT ON THE
    FLOOR OVERNIGHT
  • WHEN PEOPLE BLINDLY PICK UP OR GRAB OBJECTS
    WITHOUT GLOVES IN A SECLUDED OR RARELY VISITED
    AREA
  • WHEN PEOPLE ROLL OVER IN BED ON A SPIDER THAT HAS
    CLIMBED UP THE COVERS THAT WERE TOUCHING THE FLOOR

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THE BITES
  • BROWN RECLUSE BITES PRODUCE A RANGE OF SYSTEMS
    BOTH CUTANEOUS AND SYSTEMIC
  • FIFTY PERCENT OF THE BITES ARE DRY WITH NO VENOM
    INJECTED AND NOTHING HAPPENING TO THE VICTIM
  • THESE VICTIMS OFTEN DONT REALIZE THEY HAVE EVEN
    BEEN BITTEN

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SYMPTOMS OF THE VENOMOUS BITE
  • THE VICTIM OFTEN DOES NOT FEEL THE BITE
  • WHEN THE VENOM IS INJECTED IMMEDIATE REDNESS
    DEVELOPS AROUND THE SITE AND DISAPPEARS WITHIN A
    FEW HOURS
  • FOR THE FIRST 24 HOURS THE BITE APPEARS NO WORSE
    THAN A MOSQUITO BITE
  • A CLEAR BLISTER FORMS IN THE CENTER OF THE
    BITE,OFTEN BECOMING ITCHY AND PAINFUL
  • WITHIN 24 TO 36 HOURS THE BLISTER BREAKS OPEN
    LEAVING AN OPEN , NECROTIC WOUND

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  • THE ULCERTION SCABS OVER WITHIN THREE WEEKS FROM
    THE INITIAL BITE LEAVING A PERMANENT SCAR
  • IF THE BITE IS DELIVERED IN FATTY TISSUE THE
    LESION MAY BE VERY DEEP AND EXTENSIVE NOT HEALING
    FOR OVER TWO TO THREE YEARS
  • IN EXTREME CASES WHERE THE BITE WAS NOT TAKEN
    CARE OF EARLY, SKIN GRAFT AMPUTATION, AND THE
    POSSIBILITY OF BONE MARROW FAILURE MAY OCCUR

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SYSTEMIC REACTIONS
  • MORBILLIFORM RASH
  • FEVER
  • CHILLS
  • NAUSEA
  • VOMITING
  • JOINT PAIN
  • HEMOLYSIS
  • DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULTION
  • RENAL FAILURE
  • SEIZURES
  • COMA
  • DEATH

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BROWN RECLUSE VENOM
  • HEMOLYTIC
  • CONTAINS 8 COMPONENTS THAT CAUSE TISSUE
    DESTRUCTION AND HEMOLYSIS

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IS IT A BROWN RECLUSE BITE?
  • MRSA OFTEN MISTAKEN FOR A BROWN RECLUSE BITE
  • IF THE WOUND IS WEEPING OR MOIST AND RED LOOKING
    IT IS NOT A BROWN RECLUSE
  • BROWN RECLUSE VENOM SEALS OFF THE CAPILLARIES AND
    PRODUCE A DRY WOUND
  • IF A LUMP OR SWELLING OCCURS THIS IS NOT A BROWN
    RECLUSE

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TREATMENT
  • FIRST AID INCLUDES ICE, ALOE VERA, ANTIPURITICS
  • IF POSSIBLE CAPTURE THE SPIDER AND BRING IT IN
    FOR ID
  • TETNUS
  • ANTIBIOTICS
  • STEROIDS
  • DAPSONE
  • ELECTRIC SHOCK
  • SURGICAL INCISION

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BLACK WIDOW SPIDERS
  • KNOWN AS THE MOST VENOMOUS SPIDER IN NORTH
    AMERICA
  • THE BLACK WIDOW EARNS ITS NAME BECAUSE THE
    FEMALE OFTEN EATS THE MALE AFTER MATING, THEREORE
    MAKING HER A WIDOW
  • BLACK WIDOW SPIDERS INHABIT MOST OF THE WARMER
    REGIONS OF THE WORLD

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RECOGNIZING A BLACK WIDOW
  • THE FEMALE BLACK WIDOW IS SHINY BLACK AND HAS A
    REDDISH HOURGLASS ON THE UNDERSIDE OF HER
    SPHERICAL ABDOMEN
  • THE MALES ARE HARMLESS TO HUMANS, HALF THE SIZE
    OF THE FEMALE, WITH YELLOW AND RED BANDS AND
    SPOTS OVER THE BACK

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FACTOIDS
  • THE VENOM OF THE BLACK WIDOW SPIDER IS 15 TIMES
    AS TOXIC AS THE VENOM OF THE RATTLESNAKE
  • BLACK WIDOW SPIDERS ARE NOT USUALLY DEADLY
    BECAUSE THEY INJECT ONLY A SMALL AMOUNT OF VENOM
  • ONLY THE FEMALE IS DANGEROUS TO HUMAN, MALES AND
    JUVENILES ARE HARMLESS
  • LIFESPAN IS ABOUT THREE YEARS

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  • THE FEMALE BLACK WIDOW HANGS BELLY UPWARD AND
    RARELY LEAVES THE WEB
  • THE BLACK WIDOW SPIDER IS SHY AND NOCTURNAL
    USUALLY STAYING IN HER WEB
  • SHE BECOMES AGGRESSIVE AND BITES WHEN HER WEB IS
    DISTURBED
  • THE FEMALE AVOIDS LIGHT AND SEEKS PREY AT NIGHT

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HABITAT
  • BLACK WIDOWS LIVE IN PROTECTED AREAS
  • WOODPILES
  • UNDER STONES AND DECKS
  • HOLLOW TREES
  • LOW BRANCHES
  • BARNS, SHEDS, OUT HOUSES
  • DRY PLACES
  • CRAWL SPACES

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THE BLACK WIDOW BITE
  • CAN GO UNNOTICED, ALTHOUGH IT OFTEN PRODUCES A
    SHARP IN PRICK PAIN
  • THE BITE COMES FROM A SET OF FANGS
  • THE SPIDER INJECTS A NEUROTOXIN
  • SEVERITY OF AN INDIVIDUALS REACTION DEPENDS ON
  • AREA OF BODY BITTEN
  • AMOUNT OF VENOM INJECTED
  • SENSITIVITY TO VENOM

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  • THE BITE MAY GO UNNOTICED BUT MOST REPORT A SHORT
    STABBING PAIN
  • THE VENOM TRAVELS IN THE BLOODSTREAM THROUGHOUT
    THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CAUSING VARIOUS DEGREES OF PAIN

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SYMPTOMS
  • LOCALIZED SWELLING AND TWO FAINT RED SPOTS AT
    BITE
  • AFTER THREE HOURS THE SITE OF THE BITE BECOMES
    MORE PAINFUL
  • COMMON REACTIONS INCLUDE AN OVERALL ACHE OF THE
    BODY, PARTICULARLY THE LEGS

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OTHER SYMPTOMS
  • ALTERNATING SALIVATION AND DRY MOUTH
  • PARALYSIS OF THE DIAPHRAGM
  • PROFUSE SWEATING
  • SWOLLEN EYES
  • HEADACHE
  • ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE
  • NAUSEA AND VOMITING
  • ANXIETY

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  • THE POISON INJECTED BY THE BITE CAN CAUSE
    ABDOMINAL PAIN SIMILAR TO APPENDICITIS AS WELL AS
    PAIN TO MUSCLES AND SOLES OF THE FEET
  • IN MOST CASES SYMPTOMS DISAPPEAR IN TWO OR THREE
    DAYS

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TREATMENT
  • CLEAN THE SITE OF THE BITE WELL WITH SOAP AND
    WATER
  • APPLY A COOL COMPRESS OVER BITE LOCATION AND KEEP
    AFFECTED LIMB ELEVATED TO ABOUT HEART LEVEL
  • CALCIUM GLUCONATE IS USED INTRAVENOUSLY TO
    RELIEVE AND RELAX MUSCLE SPASM PRODUCED BY VENOM

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  • CONTACT POISON CONTROL IF YOU ARE BITTEN AND GET
    TO A HOSPITAL
  • TRY TO COLLECT THE SPIDER IN A PLASTIC BAG FOR ID
  • ANTIVENOM IS USED IN SEVERE CASES BUT THERE IS A
    RISK OF ALLERGIC REACTION
  • CHILDREN AND ELDERLY AND THOSE WITH MEDICAL
    PROBLEMS MOST AT RISK MAY BE LIFE THREATENING
  • PREGNANT FEMALES MAY GO INTO EARLY LABOR

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PREVENTION
  • THIS SPIDER IS RESISTANT TO MANY INSECTICIDES
  • THE EGG SACS ARE UNAFFECTED BY INSECTICIDES
  • THE FEMALE CAN STORE SPERM AND PRODUCE NEW EGGS
    WITHOUT A MATE
  • REMOVE ALL MATERIAL WHERE THEY MIGHT HIDE
  • ELIMATE CLUTTER IN STORAGE AREAS

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  • FREQUENTLY DUST AND VACUUM ESPECIALLY CORNERS AND
    UNDER FURNITURE TO REMOVE WEBS, SPIDERS, AND EGG
    SACS
  • TRIM WEEDS AROUND BUILDING FOUNDATIONS
  • DONT GO BAREFOOT
  • DONT GARDEN, HANDLE FIREWOOD, STRAW WITHOUT
    GLOVES

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SNAKE BITES
  • ABOUT 25 SPECIES OF VENOMOUS SNAKES ARE NATIVE TO
    THE U.S.
  • VENOMOUS SNAKES INCLUDE PIT VIPERS
  • RATTLESNAKES
  • COPPERHEADS
  • COTTONMOUTHS
  • ALSO INCLUDED ARE CORAL SNAKES

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CHARACTERISTICS OF PIT VIPERS
  • LARGE FANGS THAT ARE HOLLOW
  • PUPILS ARE VERTICAL SLITS
  • TRIANGULAR OR ARROW SHAPED HEAD
  • PRESENCE OF A PIT BETWEEN THE EYE AND THE MOUTH
    WHICH IS A HEAT SENSING ORGAN MAKING IT POSSIBLE
    TO STRIKE A WARM BLOODED VICTIM EVEN IF THE SNAKE
    CANT SEE THE VICTIM

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SNAKE FACTOIDS
  • ROUGHLY 45,000 SNAKEBITES IN THE U.S. EACH YEAR
  • FEWER THAN 8000 BY VENOMOUS SNAKES
  • ABOUT SIX PEOPLE DIE
  • IN ABOUT 25 OF ALL PIT VIPER BITES, VENOM IS NOT
    INJECTED
  • RATTLESNAKES ACCOUNT FOR 70 FOR POISONOUS SNAKE
    BITES AND ALMOST ALL DEATHS
  • DEATHS IN CHILDREN AND ELDERLY AN THOSE UNTREATED
    OR TREATED INAPPROPRIATELY

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COPPERHEADS
  • SHY AND RECLUSIVE
  • COLOR RESEMBLES FALLEN LEAVES AND STICKS
  • COPPERHEAD WITH A CHESTNUT COLORED BODY AND DARK
    BROWN BANDS
  • YOUNG COPPERHEADS HAVE A LIGHT GREEN TO YELLOW
    TIPPED TAIL TO LURE PREY
  • THEY GROW 1 ½ TO 3 FEET IN LENGTH

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COPPERHEAD BITES
  • VENOM IS HEMOTOXIC
  • SNAKES HAVE FOLDED FANGS
  • BITE CAUSES SEVERE PAIN AND ILLNESS BUT IS SELDOM
    FATAL
  • SNAKE BITE USUALLY OCCURS ON THE OUTER
    EXTREMITIES, HANDS AND FEET WHERE THERE IS LITTLE
    MUSCLE TISSUE TO ABSORB THE ENVENOMATION

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COTTONMOUTHS
  • LARGE AQUATIC VENOMOUS SNAKES
  • DARK OLIVE BROWN OR BLACK
  • TWO TO SIX FEET IN LENGTH
  • FOUND IN WETLAND, RIVERS, LAKES AND MY SWIMMING
    POOL
  • WHITE LINED MOUTH
  • VERY AGGRESSIVE WITH A STRONGER VENOM MAKING THEM
    MORE DANDEROUS

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RATTLESNAKE
  • MOST COMMON TO TEXAS IS THE WESTERN DIAMOND BACK
  • DIAMOND SHAPED MARKINGS ALONG THE MIDDLE OF THE
    BACK WITH ALTERNATING BLACK AND WHITE RINGS ON
    THE TAIL
  • AVERAGE LENGTH 3 TO 7 FEET
  • CLASSIC RATLER ON THE TAIL

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  • VENOMOUS BITE FATAL TO HUMANS
  • VERY AGGRESSIVE SNAKE
  • HIBERNATES IN THE WINTER
  • USUALLY MAKES THEIR HOMES NEAR ROCKY LEDGES OR
    SNAKE DENS
  • SNAKES ON THE MOVE DURING WARM NIGHTS , THIS IS
    WHEN MOST PEOPLE GET BITTEN

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RATTLESNAKE ROUNDUP
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CORAL SNAKE
  • HIGHLY DANGEROUS BUT SECRETIVE
  • ENCOUNTERED EARLY MORNING AND EVENING HOURS
  • AVERAGE LENGTH 24 TO 47 INCHES
  • HEAD IS BLACK AND THE SNAKE HAS RED AND YELLOW
    BANDS THAT TOUCH
  • RED AND YELLOW KILL A FELLOW

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CORAL SNAKES
  • UNLIKE PIT VIPERS THEY ARE ROUNDED HEAD
  • LONG THIN BODIES
  • ROUND EYES NOT SLIT LIKE EYES
  • NO PITS
  • NO FANGS

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CORAL SNAKE BITES
  • VENOM IS NEUROTOXIC
  • SNAKE HAS NO FANGS SO IT HANGS ON WHILE BITING
    INJECTING AS MUCH VENOM AS POSSIBLE
  • HIGH PERCENTAGE OF FATALITIES FROM THE CORAL
    SNAKE BITE

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  • THE BITE IS USUALLY NOT PAINFUL
  • LITTLE OR NO SWELLING OR DISCOLORATION IS PRESENT
  • SYMPTOMS MAY BE DELAYED FOR SEVERAL HOURS BUT
    WHEN THEY DO PROGRESS THEY PROGRESS RAPIDLY

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SYMPTOMS
  • NAUSEA
  • DROWSINESS
  • VOMITING
  • MARKED SALIVATION
  • DIFFICULTY BREATHING
  • PARALYSIS

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EARLY SYMPTOMS OF VENOMOUS SNAKE BITES
  • PAIN
  • PUNCTURE WOUNDS FROM FANGS
  • BLURRED VISION
  • BLOOD FROM THE WOUND
  • DIZZINESS
  • EXCESSIVE SWEATING
  • FAINTING

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EARLY SYMPTOMS
  • LOSS OF MUSCLE COORDINATION
  • SWELLING
  • WEAKNESS
  • RAPID PULSE
  • NAUSEA AND VOMITING

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LONG TERM EFFECTS OF VENOMOUS SNAKE BITES
  • LOSS OF LIMB
  • DECREASED MOBILITY
  • TISSUE DEATH
  • NECROSIS AT THE SITE OF INJURY

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HOW DO I AVOID GETTING A SNAKE BITE
  • LEAVE SNAKES ALONE!
  • STAY OUT OF TALL GRASS UNLESS YOU WEAR THICK
    BOOTS
  • REMAIN ON HIKING PATHS
  • KEEP HANDS AND FEET OUT OF AREAS YOU CANT SEE
  • DONT PICK UP ROCKS OR FIREWOOD UNLESS YOU ARE
    OUT OF A SNAKES STRIKING DISTANCE
  • BE CAUTIOUS AND ALERT WHEN CLIMBING ROCKS

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IVE BEEN BITTEN
  • SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY
  • WASH THE BITE WITH SOAP AND WATER
  • KEEP THE BITTEN AREA LOWER THAN THE HEART
  • IMMOBILIZE THE BITTEN AREA

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HOW NOT TO TREAT A SNAKE BITE
  • DO NOT APPLY ORAL SUCTION TO BITE
  • DO NOT CUT OR INCISE BITE MARKS WITH A BLADE
  • DO NOT APPLY HOT OR COLD PACKS
  • DO NOT APPLY A TOURNIQUET
  • DO NOT USE A STUN GUN OR ELECTRIC SHOCK OF ANY
    KIND
  • DO NOT WASTE TIME TRYING TO KILL OR BRING IN SNAKE

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TREATMENT
  • PRIOR TO 2000 ONLY TREATMENT WAS ANTIVENIM (
    Crotalidae) Polyvalent
  • CROFAB INTRODUCED IN 2000
  • JANUARY 2001 ANTIVENIM DISCONTINUED

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