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LEARNING

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Title: LEARNING


1
LEARNING
2
LEARNING - KEY POINTS
  • What is learning?
  • How do we learn?
  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
  • observational learning
  • insight learning
  • What are some real world examples of each type
    of learning?

3
What is learning?
  • A relatively permanent change in behavior or
    behavioral potential as a result of practice or
    experience

4
Pavlovs Experiment
  • Ivan Pavlov - Russian physiologist, late 1800s
  • Experiment with saliva and digestion of dogs
  • Incidence of salivation hard to control - what
    was happening?

5
Elements of Pavlovs Experiment
  • The reflexive, unlearned relationship existed
    between the food (UCS) and salivation (UCR)
  • Dog associated other stimuli with food- sight of
    food, food dish, person feeding dog.
  • Neutral stimulus became conditioned stimulus (CS)

6
Pavlov (cont.)
  • After many pairings of the CS with the UCS, the
    reflexive response (UCR) occurred only in the
    presence of the CS
  • When the UCR occurs only in the presence of the
    CS, it becomes a conditioned response (CR)

7
Examples of UCS-UCR
  • Loud sound (UCS) triggers startle response (UCR)
  • Puff of air (UCS) triggers eye blink
  • Presence of food (UCS) triggers salivation

8
Classical Conditioning
  • Built on the relationship between and
    unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
  • Classical conditioning occurs when an association
    is made between a previously neutral stimulus and
    unconditioned stimulus

9
Important Terms
  • Unconditioned stimulus - any stimulus that causes
    a reflex or emotional response without any
    learning or conditioning required
  • Unconditioned response - the reflex response
    triggered by a stimulus w/o any learning required

10
More Terms!
  • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - a previously neutral
    stimulus that, through conditioning now causes a
    classically conditioned response
  • Conditioned Response (CR) - a learned response to
    a previously neutral stimulus that has been
    associated with the stimulus through repeated
    pairings

11
Classical Conditioning of Emotional Responses
  • John Watson and Rosalie Raynor demonstrated how
    fear could be conditioned (1920)
  • Little Albert - baby was taught to fear white
    rat
  • UCS (noise)- UCR (startle response)
  • UCS (noise) was paired with neutral stimulus
    (rat)
  • CR (startle response) occurred in the presence of
    rat (CS)

12
Principles of Classical Conditioning
  • Stimulus generalization - the occurrence of a
    learned response not only to the original
    stimuli, but also to other similar stimuli
  • Stimulus discrimination - the occurrence of a
    learned response to a specific stimulus but not
    to other similar stimuli

13
Principles (cont.)
  • Extinction - a behavior is extinct when the
    response rate decreases or the person or animal
    no longer responds to the stimuli
  • Spontaneous recovery - the reappearance of a
    previously extinguished behavior after a period
    of time w/o exposure to the CS

14
Real World Examples of Classical Conditioning
  • Use of sex or other stimuli in advertising
    (Doritos commercial)
  • CR is an emotional reaction to previously neutral
    stimuli (Dr. Burr and the sad story of Aramis
    cologne)
  • Phobias
  • Medical Treatments
  • Prejudice

15
OPERANT CONDITIONING
  • Learning is based on the consequences following
    behavior
  • Association is made between a behavior and its
    consequences
  • Behavior is strengthened if followed by a
    reinforcer and weakened if followed by a punisher
  • Behavior is active and voluntary

16
Major Behaviorists
  • Thorndike The Law of Effect The frequency of
    the behavior is modified by its consequences
  • B.F. Skinner to understand behavior, we must
    look at environmental stimuli and responses.

17
Reinforcement
  • Any action or event that increases the
    probability that a response will be repeated
  • Defined only by its effect on the behavior
  • Possible reinforcers include money, food,
    attention, praise, stickers

18
Punishment
  • Any action or event that decreases the likelihood
    that a response will be repeated
  • Like reinforcement, defined only by its
    measurable effect on the behavior
  • Possible punishers include physical punishment,
    reprimands, loss of privilege

19
Side Effects of Punishment
  • Passive aggressiveness
  • Increased aggression
  • Avoidance behavior
  • Modeling
  • Only temporary suppression of behavior
  • Learned helplessness

20
OPERANT CONDITIONING IN REAL LIFE
  • Prejudice - can be learned through classical and
    operant conditioning (demeaning others can be
    reinforced by approval or attention), generalize
    one experience to a group of people
  • Biofeedback - learn to control involuntary bodily
    processes with information about consequences
  • Superstition - random behaviors are reinforced
    and thus strengthened

21
Cognitive and Social Learning
  • Insight learning - Kohler and the chimps - the
    AHA experience.
  • Latent learning - Tolman study of the rats in the
    maze latent learning occurs in the absence of a
    reward and remains hidden until there is some
    incentive to demonstrate it

22
Observational Learning
  • Albert Bandura and the BoBo doll study (1963)
  • Four processes needed for observational learning
    to take place
  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Reproduction
  • Reinforcement
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